SAINT ALBANS

city, seat of Franklin county, northwestern Vermont, U.S., 24 miles (39 km) north of Burlington. St. Albans town (township), surrounding the city, is on St. Albans Bay of Lake Champlain. The area was part of the French seigniory of La Douville from 1664 to 1763. The town was chartered in 1763 and organized in 1788. St. Albans village, set off and incorporated in 1859, became a city in 1897. Its location near the Canadian border made it popular with smugglers, who used it as a base between 1807 and 1812. It was also a station on the Underground Railroad. On Oct. 19, 1864, in the northernmost engagement of the American Civil War, a small force of Confederate soldiers staged a raid on the town and looted the banks (see Saint Albans Raid). In 1866 the Fenians, an Irish nationalist secret society, pledged to invade Canada and made St. Albans their headquarters prior to an abortive raid across the border. Maple sugar production is the major industry; tourists visit the city for the annual Maple Festival in April. Dairying and ice cream making also are important. Pop. (1990) 7,339; (1996 est.) 7,370. town and city (district), administrative and historic county of Hertfordshire, England, in the valley of the River Ver about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of London. A British town was established on the west bank of the Ver in the 1st century BCE, and subsequently the Romans built their town of Verulamium on the site. In 61 CE the town was sacked by Queen Boudicca. Sections of the town wall dating from the 2nd century CE are still extant, and the town has been extensively excavated. About 304 a Roman named Alban, who had converted to Christianity, was taken from the town and killed on the east bank of the Ver. An abbey was later founded on the alleged site of his martyrdom, and the town of St. Albans grew up around the abbey. Offa of Mercia about 793 founded a Saxon abbey church on the site of the earlier church, and St. Albans Church (designated a cathedral in 1877) was built, using Roman bricks from the ruins of Verulamium, in 1077 on the site of the church that Offa had built. The most celebrated Saxon abbot was Ulsinus, who in 948 founded three churchesSt. Stephen's, St. Michael's, and St. Peter'sand who planned and laid out the town of St. Albans and founded the market, which is still held. The school (not a monastic school) was already flourishing by 1100, and an early headmaster was Alexander Neckam, a well-known schoolmaster and the foster brother of Richard I. Nicholas Breakspear (later Pope Adrian IV) was the son of an abbey tenant. St. Albans and its abbey have played a prominent part in English history. As their power grew, the abbots obtained the right to destroy the Saxon royal borough of Kingsbury, on a neighbouring hilltop, and it finally disappeared in the reign of Stephen. The constant visits of kings and nobles, English and foreign, led to the development of a famous school of history, under the authority first of Roger of Wendover and later of Matthew Paris. In 1213 the first draft of Magna Carta was read to a gathering of clergy and noblemen in the abbey. In 1381 John Ball, a celebrated preacher and one of the leaders of the Peasants' Revolt, was tried and hanged at St. Albans. During the Wars of the Roses two battles were fought at St. Albans: in 1455 it was the scene of Lancastrian defeat, in 1461 of Yorkist defeat. Like many other abbeys, St. Albans declined in wealth and importance during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. In 1539 the abbey was dissolved, and St. Albans became a borough, its first charter being dated 1553. The abbey lands finally came into the hands of the Bacon family, and Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Albans, is commemorated by a statue in St. Michael's Church. During the English Civil Wars of the mid-17th century, the town was the headquarters of the Parliamentary army of the earl of Essex. Many fine old buildings can be seen in present-day St. Albans. The most important industry in the town has been printing. One of the earliest presses was set up in the town by the Scolemaster Printer, who operated there from 1479 until 1486. One of his books, The Boke of St. Albans, contains the earliest example of colour printing in England. Printing continues to be significant, together with other light industries such as electrical engineering and the manufacture of musical instruments. During the 19th and 20th centuries St. Albans and the surrounding district grew as part of the suburban expansion of London. The district became part of the Green Belt surrounding London, and development has been limited since the mid-20th century. In addition to the town of St. Albans, the city (district) includes rural areas and the town of Harpenden. Area 62 square miles (161 square km). Pop. (1991) town, 80,376; (1998 est.) city (district), 131,400.