SARATOGA SPRINGS

city, Saratoga county, east-central New York, U.S. It lies in the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains, west of the Hudson River, 30 miles (48 km) north of Albany. Possessing numerous natural mineral springs, its site was an ancient Mohawk Indian camping ground with various spellings and meanings, the most acceptable being Sa-ragh-to-ga (Place of Swift Water). Saratoga National Historic Park (established in 1938 and located 12 miles southeast) commemorates the Revolutionary War Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) which took place nearby. The springs, long known to the Indians for their therapeutic value, attracted white visitors as early as 1771, and in 1802 the first hotel was built there by Gideon Putnam. During the 19th century Saratoga Springs became one of the most fashionable spas in the country, with ornate Victorian-style hotels. The Saratoga Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses was organized in 1863 and sponsored annual races in the city that continue to attract large crowds. The Saratoga Race Course in particular is noted for Thoroughbred racing. The city's National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame contain mementos of great horses and riders of the past. In 1909, 122 springs were acquired by the state (their use regulated by law) after commercial exploitation (pumping and bottling) had greatly diminished their flow. Pools, bathhouses, and other buildings similar to those of European health spas were built on the land acquired by the state; opened to the public in 1935, these facilities became part of Saratoga Spa State Park in 1962. Skidmore College was founded in Saratoga Springs as an arts school in 1903, and the Empire State College of the State University of New York system opened in 1971. Yaddo is a large private estate in the city used since 1926 as a retreat for authors, composers, and painters. The Saratoga Spa State Park (2,200 acres [890 hectares]) with its pools and batthhouses also includes the Saratoga Performing Arts Center (a summer home for the New York City Ballet and the Philadelphia Orchestra). The art and history of American dance is honoured at the National Museum of Dance. Saratoga Lake is 3 miles (5 km) southeast, and the Grant Cottage State Historic Site (where President Ulysses S. Grant died) is 7 miles (11 km) north. The city has acquired some light industry, including the manufacture of metal beverage containers, electronic equipment, and packaging (cartons and bags); printing is also important. Inc. village, 1826; city, 1915. Pop. (1990) 25,001; (1998 est.) 25,140.