SEBETWANE

died 1851, Barotseland [now in Zambia] also spelled Sebitwane, or Sibituane southern African king (reigned from c. 1820) who established a large and powerful nation in what is now western Zambia after an arduous migration from his original home in what is now central South Africa. Driven (c. 1820) from the area that later became the Orange Free State during the Mfecane (the Crushing; a period of Zulu wars and great tribal migration), Sebetwane led his Sotho people (as they were first called) to the northwest in search of safety, on a zigzag route through the Kalahari to the Zambezi River. First settling near Victoria Falls, he moved west in 1838 to Barotseland, conquering the Lozi inhabitants. Winning the loyalty of the Lozi by his fair administration, he was able to repel two attacks by the great Ndebele (Matabele) warrior Mzilikazi. Distinguished as both a warrior and a statesman, Sebetwane was able to consolidate his military gains by his generous and just treatment of the conquered peoples. An imaginative politician, he maintained a peaceful kingdom in Barotseland, despite the numerical inferiority of his own Kololo people, by preventing them from forming an aristocracy and by the delegation of authority to conquered chiefs. In 1851 Sebetwane met David Livingstone, the explorer, to whom he recounted his experiences. Livingstone was greatly impressed by the man and his kingdom, and Livingstone's notes of this encounter are the primary source of Kololo history.