SETTING

in literature, the location and time frame in which the action of a narrative takes place. The makeup and behaviour of fictional characters often depend on their environment quite as much as on their personal characteristics. Setting is of great importance in mile Zola's novels, for example, because he believed that environment determines character. In some cases the entire action of a novel is determined by the locale in which it is set. Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1857) could hardly have been placed in Paris, because the tragic life and death of the heroine have a great deal to do with the circumscriptions of her provincial milieu. It sometimes happens that the main locale of a novel assumes an importance in the reader's imagination comparable to that of the characters. Wessex is a giant, brooding presence in Thomas Hardy's novels. The popularity of Sir Walter Scott's Waverley novels is due in part to their evocation of a romanticized Scotland. Setting may be the prime consideration of some readers, who can be drawn to Joseph Conrad because he depicts life at sea or in the East Indies; they may be less interested in the complexity of human relationships that he presents. The setting of a novel may be an actual city or region made greater than life, as in James Joyce's characterization of Dublin. But settings may also be completely the work of an author's imagination: in Vladimir Nabokov's Ada (1969), for example, there is an entirely new space-time continuum, and in the book Lord of the Rings (195455) J.R.R. Tolkien created an alternative world in his Middle Earth.