SHOLOKHOV, MIKHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH

born May 24 [May 11, Old Style], 1905, Veshenskaya, Russia died Feb. 21, 1984, Veshenskaya, U.S.S.R. Sholokhov Russian novelist, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels and stories about the Cossacks of southern Russia. After joining the Red Army in 1920 and spending two years in Moscow, he returned in 1924 to his native Cossack village in the Don region of southern Russia. He made several trips to western Europe and in 1959 accompanied the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to the United States. He joined the Communist Party in 1932 and became a member of the Central Committee in 1961. Sholokhov began writing at 17, his first published book being Donskie rasskazy (1926; Tales of the Don), a collection of short stories. In 1925 he began his famous novel Tikhy Don (The Silent Don). The slow evolution of Sholokhov's work is remarkable: it took 12 years to publish Tikhy Don (4 vol., 192840; translated in two parts as And Quiet Flows the Don and The Don Flows Home to the Sea) and 28 years to complete another major novel, Podnyataya tselina (193260; translated in two parts as Virgin Soil Upturned [also published as Seeds of Tomorrow] and Harvest on the Don). Oni Srazhalis za rodinu (1942; They Fought for their Country) is an epic tale of the Soviet people's bravery during the German invasion of World War II. Sholokhov's best-known work, Tikhy Don, is remarkable for the objectivity of its portrayal of the heroic and tragic struggle of the Don Cossacks against the Bolsheviks for independence. It became the most widely read novel in the Soviet Union and was heralded as a powerful example of Socialist Realism, winning the Stalin Prize in 1941. It has been alleged, by the Soviet writers Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Roy Medvedev, among others, that much of Tikhy Don was plagiarized from the Cossack writer Fyodor Kryukov, who died in 1920. Proponents of this theory cite Sholokhov's youth and inexperience at the time of the publication of the first volume together with his failure to produce another work of comparable literary quality. In 1979 Sholokhov's Collected Works were published. Additional reading Sholokhov's life and work are discussed in Michael Klimenko, The World of Young Sholokhov: Vision of Violence (1972); and Herman Ermolaev, Mikhail Sholokhov and His Art (1982). Roy A. Medvedev, Problems in the Literary Biography of Mikhail Sholokhov, trans. from Russian (1977), examines questions on Sholokhov's authorship of And Quiet Flows the Don.