SHUBERT BROTHERS,

dominant managers and producers in American legitimate theatre during the first half of the 20th century. Although all three brothers later claimed to be native-born, they entered the United States in 1882 as immigrants from Russia with their parents, David and Catherine Szemanski. Lee (originally Levi) Shubert was the oldest of the brothers (b. March 15, 1872, Russiad. Dec. 25, 1953, New York, N.Y.), Sam S. was the middle brother (b. 1875, Russiad. May 12, 1905, Harrisburg, Pa.), and Jacob J. (or Jake) was the youngest (b. Aug. 15, 1880, Russiad. Dec. 26, 1963, New York, N.Y.). Lee and Sam went from being newsboys and errand boys to working in theatres in Syracuse, N.Y., during the 1890s and then began leasing theatres and presenting plays there and in nearby Rochester, N.Y. By 1900 Jacob had joined his brothers in the business, and they leased their first theatres in New York City. In so doing, they soon found themselves in conflict with the Syndicate, a group headed by Abraham Erlanger, which controlled much of the theatrical booking in the United States. The Shuberts became head of an independent movement, and a long period of protracted legal warfare ensued. The Shuberts had several wealthy backers and were able to lease theatres in every major city in the country, and at one point they had operations in London as well. After Sam's death in 1905, Lee and Jacob began to build theatres across the United States and came to own more than 60 legitimate houses in addition to their extensive holdings in New York City. They also owned and operated many vaudeville and motion-picture theatres and produced more than 1,000 different showsencompassing more than 600 plays, revues, and musicalsduring their careers. Because of their propensity for sharp business practices, they were also instrumental in giving the infant theatrical unions a common sense of purpose. Actor's Equity and several other theatrical craft guilds came into being as a direct response to the business practices of the Shuberts and other theatrical managers of that era. In 1950 the U.S. government charged the Shuberts with monopolizing the American theatrical industry. In 1956 the Shubert organization divested a number of theatres but retained prestigious houses in many cities.