SHULHAN 'ARUKH

(Hebrew: Prepared Table), a 16th-century codification of Jewish religious law and practice that is still the standard reference work for Orthodox observance. The Shulhan 'arukh, compiled and published by Joseph ben Ephraim Karo (14881575) as a compendium of his larger work Bet Yosef (House of Joseph), contains opinions of various other codifiers before his time as well as personal decisions on disputed points by Karo himself. Moses Isserles (c. 152572; see Isserles, Moses ben Israel) was one of many Ashkenazi (German-rite) rabbis who severely criticized the Shulhan 'arukh for its overemphasis on the customs of Sephardic (Spanish-rite) Jews. Accordingly, Isserles wrote a commentary (called Mappa, Tablecloth) on the Shulhan 'arukh that was subsequently printed with Karo's work so that both rites would be represented. Thereafter, the Shulhan 'arukh became a universally accepted guide for Orthodox observance. A condensation of Karo's work, written for laypersons by Solomon Ganzfried (180466) and called Qitzur (Abbreviated) Shulhan 'arukh, gained wide popularity and has been translated into several languages.