SMARTA SECT

orthodox Hindu sect composed of members of the twice-born, or initiated upper classes (Brahman, Kshattriya, and Vaisya), whose primarily Brahman followers are characterized by their allegiance to all the gods of the Hindu pantheon and by their adherence to rules of ritual and of conduct laid down in the ancient sutra texts. The name Smarta comes from the Sanskrit Smrti, a class of texts that are considered to be of human authorshipin contrast to the Vedas, which are considered to have been divinely revealed. The sutras (brief aphorisms) followed by the Smarta sect form part of the Smrti literature. Their greatest teacher and, according to some, the founder of the sect was the 8th-century philosopher Sankara, the proponent of Advaita (nondualist) Vedanta. The monastery he founded at Sringeri, in Karnataka (formerly Mysore state), continues to be the centre of the sect, and the head of the monastery, the jagadguru (teacher of the world), is the spiritual authority of the Smartas in south India and Gujarat and one of the chief religious personages in India. The Smartas of the North differ somewhat from their counterparts in the South and in Gujarat, in that the nomenclature does not necessarily connote followers of Sankara. Also the number of pure Smarta temples are fewer in the North. The Smartas may give preference to one deity above the others, and Siva is highly favoured among them today. But they pay allegiance in their worship to the five major godsSiva, Vishnu, Sakti, Surya, and Ganesain the pacayatana puja (five-shrines worship). Smarta Brahmans consider themselves orthodox and have tended to rigidly hold the traditional values of Hinduism. They are active in all branches of learning and have earned the honorary title of sastri (Sanskrit: men of learning), or, in Tamil, ayyar, which often follows their names.