SPIEGEL, SAM

born Nov. 11, 1903, Jaroslau, Austria [now Jaroslaw, Pol.] died Dec. 31, 1985, Saint-Martin, Lesser Antilles in full Samuel Spiegel Austrian-born American motion-picture producer. Spiegel studied at the University of Vienna and worked as a Young Pioneer in Palestine in the early 1920s. In 1927 he went to Hollywood to work as a story translator, and in 1930 he was sent by Universal Pictures to head that studio's European headquarters in Berlin. He fled Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 and lived in Vienna before settling in Hollywood in 1939. He soon became a producer, and among his earlier projects were Tales of Manhattan (1942) and Orson Welles's The Stranger (1946). Spiegel's most important productions were done in the 1950s and included The African Queen (1951), On the Waterfront (1954), The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), and Suddenly Last Summer (1959). He continued producing in the 1960s and '70s with Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Nicholas and Alexandra (1971), and The Last Tycoon (1976). The last film he produced was a motion-picture version of Harold Pinter's play Betrayal (1983). Most of Spiegel's films were expensive, large-scale productions that utilized some of the leading actors, screenwriters, and directors of the day. The classic films The African Queen, The Bridge on the River Kwai, and Lawrence of Arabia were largely shot on location in jungles and deserts, often under difficult conditions.