STEPHEN, SAINT

died AD 36, Jerusalem ; feast day December 26, Christian deacon in Jerusalem; the first Christian martyr, whose apology before the Sanhedrin (Acts 7) points to a distinct strand of belief in primitive Christianity. His defense enraged his hearers, and he was taken out of the city and stoned to death. The name Stephen is Greek, and Acts 6 tells us that he was a Hellenist; that is, a foreign-born Jew who spoke Greek. He lived in Jerusalem and had become a Christian. The Hellenists, who probably formed a minority in the Christian community, complained that the care of their elderly widows was neglected. The apostles presented the matter to the congregation and, pleading the press of responsibilities, instructed it to select seven deacons for this community service. They were chosen and ordained, and Stephen, who became the best known of the seven, was recognized as a man with special gifts as an evangelist. He engaged in religious discussions among the adherents of synagogues of Diaspora Jews in the capital. Growth in the number of Jewish converts, including many of the priests, provoked a reaction; he was summoned before the Sanhedrin, the supreme rabbinic court in Jerusalem, and charged with speaking against this holy place and the law. The charge is very general; the report of his defense before the Sanhedrin is the primary resource for learning what Stephen stood for. Stephen's response was Jewish in its concerns; in form it followed Hellenistic rhetorical conventions (cf. Josh. 24:214; Acts 3:1226). Many scholars see a Samaritan connection to Stephen's community, postulating that it may have migrated there when Jerusalem was destroyed, AD 70. They assume that the speech may have been modified in its transmission through the years between its delivery and its incorporation in Luke's text which appears as Acts. In any event, what Stephen seems to say about temple and law would not have displeased Samaritan ears either, though it is probably Stephen's independent and original conviction. Stephen was bitterly opposed to the Temples in Jerusalem and its sacrificial cult. He revered the Law of Moses but considered the temple cult an illegitimate part of it. An influential view in current exegesis proceeds from Stephen's position: Moses was both ruler and deliverer (Acts 7:35); he had delivered living oracles, the true law; and he had promised that God would raise up another prophet (Jesus) as he had raised up Moses (7:37). Stephen seems to think of Jesus as the restorer of Mosaic religion. He sets Aaron over against Moses, the temple over against the tent, and Solomon, who built the temple, over against David, who was persuaded not to. For Stephen the building of the temple was a bit of idolatry, comparable to Aaron's golden calf; the Most High does not dwell in houses made with hands (7:48). Stephen's feelings about the Temple seem to have been more completely negative than those of the first Christians generally; the latter, including Paul, continued to frequent it. Its sacrificial rites served in many ways to shape the theological interpretation of salvation through the death of Jesus. There is no hint that Stephen assigned doctrinal significance to the death of Jesus. On the other hand, it has been suggested that he may have been the first to anticipate the return (Second Coming) of Jesus; in a moment of rapture, at the close of his apology, he saw the heavens opened and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God. The title Son of Man, with its intensely eschatological-apocalyptic connotations, is used in the New Testament only by Jesus himself, with this single exception from the mouth of Stephen. For Paul, Jesus had brought deliverance from the curse of the law (Galatians 3:13). For Stephen, deliverance still awaits the rebirth of the Mosaic tradition in its purity. Though an intensely committed follower of Jesus, his faith may have rested as much on the old basis as on the new. Stephen, to whose fate Saul assented, spoke for a pre-Pauline Christian movement, overwhelmingly Jewish, the precise outlines of which are not easily recoverable because they have been covered by layers of great change. The discernible legacy of Stephen in the ancient church is slight.