SWISS LITERATURE

properly, the writings in the only language peculiar to Switzerland, the Rhaeto-Romanic dialect known as Romansh, though broadly it includes all works written by Swiss nationals in any of the three other languages of their country: German, French, and Italian, or the Swiss dialect forms of any one of them. It also should be noted that the earliest literature produced in Switzerland was written in Latin. Treated here are the writings in Romansh and Swiss dialects. For information about all other manifestations of Swiss literature, see Latin Literature; German Literature; French Literature; Italian Literature. Romansh literature was in its origins predominantly ecclesiastical, and began in the Middle Ages. The Reformation gave it new life. In 1560 a fine translation of the New Testament was published; in 1679 the entire Bible was translated by J.A. Vulpius and J. Dorta. There is also a rich variety of popular songs, especially of the religious and political kind. Owing to its geographical distribution Romansh literature is essentially regional in character. Nevertheless, the anthologist Caspar Decurtins; the poets Peider Lansel, Jon Guidon, and Artur Caflisch; and the prose fiction writer Giachen Michel Nay have achieved decidedly more than a merely local fame in the 20th century. The fortunes of Swiss dialect literature vary according to the language situation in each section of the country. In the Ticino, dialect literature is produced with much devotion but has been of little consequence. In the French-speaking part of the country the local dialects are on the wane. The important instances of dialect literature there belong to the past, such as the Genevan ballads commemorating the victory of the escalade in 1602. International fame was achieved by the various ranz des vaches (melodies sung, or played on the alphorn, by herdsmen). Dialect literature flourishes mainly in the German-speaking part of the country, chiefly because there the people, regardless of social rank and education, consistently use dialect for everyday purposes. The existence of numerous local idioms might even produce an ever-increasing variety of dialect writings. This, however, would be at cross-purposes with the determination of writers and readers to remain on common ground with German literature as a whole. Some of the best poets have expressed themselves both in High German and in their dialect. Thus, Adolf Frey published a volume of poems in the dialect of the Aargau (Duss und underm Rafe, 1891), and Meinrad Lienert wrote several poems in the dialect of Schwyz. Almost every canton has its Mundartdichter, or local poet. There are vigorous novels in the Bernese dialect by the 20th-century writers Rudolf von Tavel and Simon Gfeller. Schaffhausen is represented in the novels of Albert Bchtold, and Joseph Reinhart wrote in the dialect of Solothurn. Additional reading Alex Natan (ed.), Swiss Men of Letters (1970); and John L. Flood (ed.), Modern Swiss Literature: Unity and Diversity (1985).