THORVALDSEN, BERTEL

born Nov. 19, 1770, or Nov. 13, 1768, Copenhagen, Den. died March 24, 1844 Thorvaldsen also spelled Thorwaldsen sculptor, prominent in the Neoclassical period, who was the first internationally acclaimed Danish artist. In the 20th-century reevaluation of Neoclassicism, however, Thorvaldsen's reputation outside Denmark has declined, and works once regarded as the perfect reincarnation of the antique are now often considered cold and dry. Thorvaldsen was the son of an Icelandic wood-carver who had settled in Denmark. He studied at the Copenhagen Academy and won a traveling scholarship to Rome, where he was to live most of his life. In Italy the prevailing enthusiasm for classical sculpture fired his imagination so much that he later celebrated the date of his arrival in 1797 as his Roman birthday. The success of Thorvaldsen's model for a statue of Jason (1803) attracted the attention of the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova and launched Thorvaldsen on one of the most successful careers of the 19th century. When he returned to visit Copenhagen in 1819, his progress through Europe, in Berlin, Warsaw, and Vienna, was like a triumphal procession. His return from Rome in 1838, when he eventually decided to settle in Copenhagen, was regarded as a national event in Danish history. A large portion of his fortune went to the endowment of a Neoclassical museum in Copenhagen (begun in 1839), designed to house his collection of works of art, the models for all his sculptures; by his own wish, Thorvaldsen was to be buried there. Most of Thorvaldsen's most characteristic sculptures are reinterpretations of the figures or themes of classical antiquity. The Alexander frieze of 1812 in the Palazzo del Quirinale, Rome, modeled in only three months in anticipation of a visit by Napoleon, is an example of the feverish energy with which he could at times work. Religious sculptures (for which his antique classical style was not particularly well suited) include the colossal series of statues of Christ and the Twelve Apostles (182127) in the Vor Frue Kirke in Copenhagen. He also made numerous portrait busts of distinguished contemporaries.