TITANIC

The Titanic. British luxury passenger liner that sank on April 1415, 1912, en route to New York City from Southampton, England, during its maiden voyage, killing about 1,500 passengers and ship personnel. One of the most famous tragedies in modern history, it has inspired numerous stories, several films, and a musical and has been the subject of much scholarship and scientific speculation. The Titanic was one of the largest and most luxurious ships in the world. It had a gross registered tonnage (i.e., carrying capacity) of 46,329 tons, and when fully laden the ship displaced (weighed) 66,000 tons. The Titanic was 882.5 feet (269 metres) long and 92.5 feet (28.2 metres) wide at its widest point. It was designed and built by William Pirrie's Belfast firm Harland and Wolff to service the highly competitive Atlantic Ferry route. It had a double-bottomed hull divided into 16 compartments that were presumed to be watertight. Because four of these could be flooded without endangering the liner's buoyancy, it was considered unsinkable. Shortly before midnight on April 14, the ship collided with an iceberg about 400 miles (640 km) south of Newfoundland, and at least five of its watertight compartments toward the bow were ruptured. The first four of these five compartments filled with water, which pulled down the bow of the ship. The Titanic's compartments were not capped at the top, so water from the ruptured forward compartments filled each succeeding compartment aft as the ship's incline brought the bow below the waterline. The ship sank at 2:20 AM April 15. The Titanic had only 1,178 lifeboat spaces for the 2,224 persons aboard, and many of the lifeboats were lowered into the water only partly filled with passengers, thus leaving many people stranded on the sinking ship. As a result, about 1,500 people died. (Although the facilities proved to be inadequate, the Titanic had actually exceeded the lifeboat requirements of the British Board of Trade's regulations, which had been formulated for much smaller ships.) Inquiries held in the United States and Great Britain alleged that the Leyland liner Californian, which was less than 20 miles (32 km) away all night, could have aided the stricken vessel had its radio operator been on duty and thereby received the Titanic's distress signals. Only the arrival of the Cunard liner Carpathia 1 hour and 20 minutes after the Titanic went down prevented further loss of life in the icy waters. Many of those who perished on the ship came from prominent American, British, and European families. Among the dead were the noted British journalist William Thomas Stead and heirs to the Straus and Astor fortunes. The glamour associated with the ship, its maiden voyage, and its notable passengers magnified the tragedy of its sinking in the popular mind. Legends arose almost immediately around the night's events, those who had died, and those who had survived. Heroes and heroines, such as American Molly Brown, were identified and celebrated by the press. The disaster and the mythology that has surrounded it have continued to fascinate millions. As a result of the disaster, the first International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea was called in London in 1913. The convention drew up rules requiring that every ship have lifeboat space for each person embarked; that lifeboat drills be held during each voyage; and, because the Californian had not heard the distress signals of the Titanic, that ships maintain a 24-hour radio watch. The International Ice Patrol also was established to warn ships of icebergs in the North Atlantic shipping lanes. On September 1, 1985, the wreck of the Titanic was found lying upright in two pieces on the ocean floor at a depth of about 13,000 feet (4,000 metres). The ship, located at about 4146 N 5014 W, was subsequently explored several times by manned and unmanned submersibles under the direction of American and French scientists. The expeditions found no sign of the long gash previously thought to have been ripped in the ship's hull by the iceberg. The scientists posited instead that the collision's impact had produced a series of thin gashes as well as brittle fracturing and separation of seams in the adjacent hull plates, thus allowing water to flood in and sink the ship. In subsequent years marine salvagers raised small artifacts from the wreckage and even attempted to lift a large piece of the hull. Additional reading Two classic accounts of the disaster, written by the doyen of Titanic scholarship, are Walter Lord, A Night to Remember (1955, reprinted 1988), and The Night Lives On (1986). More recent accounts are Michael Davie, Titanic: The Death and Life of a Legend (1987; also published as The Titanic: The Full Story of a Tragedy, 1986); Donald Lynch and Ken Marschall, Titanic: An Illustrated History (1992); and John P. Eaton and Charles A. Haas, Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy, 2nd ed. (1994), and Titanic: Destination Disaster, rev. ed. (1996). Two books that trace the changing image of the Titanic in 20th-century popular culture are Paul Heyer, Titanic Legacy: Disaster as Media Event and Myth (1995); and Steven Biel, Down with the Old Canoe: A Cultural History of the Titanic Disaster (1996). A first-hand account by the oceanographer who found the ship's wreckage in 1985 is Robert D. Ballard and Rick Archbold, The Discovery of the Titanic, new and updated ed. (1995). Titanic: Legacy of the World's Greatest Ocean Liner (1997) is a lavishly illustrated popularization.