TOKAIDO

( (Japanese: Eastern Sea Road), ) historic road that connected Osaka and Kyoto with Edo (now Tokyo) in Japan. The Tokaido was 303 miles (488 km) long and ran mostly along the Pacific (i.e., southern) coast of the island of Honshu. From ancient times the road was the chief route from the capital city of Kyoto eastward to central Honshu. The Tokaido became even more important during the Tokugawa (Edo) period (16031867), since it connected Edo, the capital city of the Tokugawa shogunate, with western Honshu. Along the Tokaido were 53 post-station towns whose inns and vendors provided lodging, refreshment, and gifts for the road's travelers. The road was well known for its picturesque views, which were recorded by the artist Hiroshige in a series of woodblock prints entitled Fifty-three Stations of the Tkaid? (1832). During the Tokugawa period, the Tokaido is recorded as having a smooth, well-kept roadbed that averaged 18 feet (5.5 m) in width. This roadbed consisted of a deep layer of crushed gravel overlaid with sand and was paved with stone on mountain slopes. Wheeled vehicles were rare on the Tokaido, which was used chiefly by pedestrians, packhorses, and palanquins carried by bearers. The route of the Tokaido is now followed by a national highway and two important rail lines, one being a line of the high-speed Shinkansen.