TOLEDO

provincia, in the comunidad autnoma (autonomous community) of Castile-La Mancha, south-central Spain. It is bordered north by the provinces of vila and Madrid, east by Cuenca, south by Ciudad Real, and west by Cceres and Badajoz. It has an area of 5,934 square miles (15,368 square km). Most of the province is crossed by the Tagus River and its numerous tributaries. In the northwest there is a mountainous area that joins the Sierra de Gredos; in the south there are the steep mountains of Toledo that separate the basin of the Tagus from that of the Guadiana; in the east lies a portion of the plateau of La Mancha, which extends farther south; and in the centre are wide plains, well-watered by the Tagus. Products of Toledo province include minerals (iron, lead, silver, mercury, copper, kaolin, phosphates, and graphite), wheat, oats, vegetable oils, wine, fruit, vegetables, and timber; sheep, pigs, and horses are also raised. Industry is concentrated in the provincial capital, Toledo (q.v.). Pop. (1988 est.) 490,938. city, on the western coast of Cebu island, Philippines. It is the site of the nation's largest copper mine; the ore is extracted by strip or open-cut mining, concentrated, and trucked to the port of Sangi. There also is a major coalfield nearby. Local agriculture (corn , coconuts) adds to the city's economy. Toledo has a commercial airport and ferry service across Taon Strait to San Carlos on the island of Negros. Inc. city, 1960. Pop. (1990 est.) 117,245. city, seat (1835) of Lucas county, northwestern Ohio, U.S., at the mouth of the Maumee River (bridged). It lies along Maumee Bay (southwestern tip of Lake Erie), 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Detroit and is a principal Great Lakes port, being the hub of a metropolitan complex that includes Ottawa Hills, Maumee, Oregon, Sylvania, Perrysburg, and Rossford. The area was opened to white settlement after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, a conflict fought nearby in 1794 and resolved in a series of Indian treaties negotiated between 1795 and 1817. Fort Industry (180305) was located at the mouth of Swan Creek (now downtown Toledo), where permanent settlement was made after the War of 1812. Two villages, Port Lawrence (1817) and Vistula (1832), were consolidated in 1833 and named for Toledo, Spain. The united community was incorporated as a city in 1837. Ohio's decision to include the Toledo area (then part of the Michigan Territory) in the state's canal system led to a boundary dispute (the so-called Toledo War of 1835). Residents of the city organized to transfer the political jurisdiction of the lower Maumee from the Michigan Territory to Ohio. Michigan, led by Governor Stevens T. Mason, opposed this and sent troops. Ohio Governor Robert Lucas called out the militia, and the state legislature organized most of the disputed area into Lucas County, with the present Ohio line as the northern boundary. The dispute was settled by President Andrew Jackson in favour of Ohio. In 1836 the U.S. Congress compensated Michigan for the loss by awarding it the Upper Peninsula and admission to statehood. Industrial development was spurred in the 1830s and '40s by the arrival of the railroads, the construction of the Wabash and Erie and Miami and Erie canals, and by the discovery of local deposits of gas and oil in 1844. Glassmaking (now a major industry) was introduced in the late 1880s by Edward Libbey and Michael Owens. Toledo is now a major commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. Its port, connected with the St. Lawrence Seaway, is one of the world's largest for bituminous coal shipping. Foreign commerce receipts are mostly for grain, wood pulp, paper, pig iron, iron ore, stone, sand and gravel, aluminum ingots, and structural steel. Highly diversified manufactures include glass, automobiles (including the celebrated Jeep), auto parts, plastics, petroleum, weighing machines, furnaces, machinery, and tools. The University of Toledo was established in 1872, Davis College in 1858, the Medical College of Ohio in 1964, and Owens Community College in 1965. The Toledo Museum of Art has a notable glass collection. The city has a Roman Catholic cathedral (Our Lady Queen of the Holy Rosary), an orchestra, and zoological gardens with an open-air amphitheatre. Nearby are the Crane Creek State Park and the Toledo Raceway Park for horse racing. Pop. (1990) city, 332,943; Toledo MSA, 614,128; (1994 est.) city, 322,550; (1995 est.) Toledo MSA, 612,798. ancient (Latin) Toletum, or (Arabic) Tulaytulah city, capital of Toledo provincia, which is situated in the comunidad autnoma (autonomous community) of Castile-La Mancha, south-central Spain, on a rugged promontory washed on three sides by the Tagus River. It lies 42 miles (67 km) south-southwest of Madrid. Of ancient origin, Toledo is mentioned by the Roman historian Livy as urbs parva, sed loco munita (a small city, but fortified by location). Conquered by the Roman general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior in 193 BC, it became an important Roman colony and the capital of Carpentia. The city was the residence of the Visigothic court in the 6th century and site of the famous councils, the third of which (589) was particularly important because of King Recared's conversion to Christianity. During the Moorish period (7121085), it was the home of an important Mozarab community (Arabic-speaking Christians). Taken by King Alfonso VI in 1085, it became the most important political and social centre of Castile. It was the scene of a fusion of Christian, Arab, and Jewish culture, an example of which was the School of Translators (Escuela de Traductores) established by Alfonso X the Wise in the 13th century. The city's importance declined after Philip II made Madrid his capital (1560). Toledo is considered most representative of Spanish culture, and the whole urban area has been declared a national monument. Its rocky site has resulted in narrow, winding streets, with steep gradients and rough surfaces, centring on the Plaza del Zocodover. Two bridges cross the Tagus: in the northeast is the bridge of Alcntara, at the foot of the medieval castle of San Servando, parts of which date from Roman and Moorish times; in the northwest is the bridge of San Martn, dating from the late 13th century. Parts of the walls of Toledo are of Visigothic origin, although most are Moorish or Christian. There are well-preserved gateways from various periods, including the Puerta Vieja de Bisagra (10th century), traditionally used by Alfonso VI in 1085. Burial of the Count de Orgaz, oil on canvas by El Greco, 158688; in the church Important buildings showing Islamic influence include the former mosques of Bib-al-Mardom (Cristo de la Luz; 10th century), with interesting cross vaulting, and of Las Toerneras; the Mudjar synagogues of Santa Mara la Blanca (12th century) and El Trnsito (14th century; housing the Sephardi museum); and the Mudjar churches of San Romn, of Cristo de la Vega, of Santiago del Arrabal, and of Santo Tom. The last has a fine tower and a chapel containing the painting Burial of the Conde de Orgaz by El Greco (see photograph). The cathedral, generally considered the most Hispanic of Spanish Gothic cathedrals, was begun by King Ferdinand III and Archbishop Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada in 1226. Outstanding among innumerable works of art are the choir stalls, the large retablo mayor (raised altarpiece), the ornate chapel of Don Alvaro de Luna, the Mozarab Chapel, and the Chapter House. There is also a rich museum that has a processional custodia (for carrying the monstrance and Host) by Enrique de Arfe (1524) and a series of paintings by El Greco, Francisco de Goya, Sir Anthony Van Dyck, Luis de Morales, and others. The elaborate Church of San Juan de los Reyes, constructed by Juan Guas, is in Isabelline style. Of the same period is the Casa de la Santa Hermandad, now partly a museum. Dating from the early 16th century is the Hospital de Santa Cruz, designed by Enrique de Egas, restored and now used for the Provincial Museum of Archaeology and Fine Arts. Construction of the Alczar (fortress), which dominates the city, began about 1531 to a design by Alonso de Covarrubias and with a fine patio by Francisco Villalpando; it houses the Army Museum. Its defense by the Nationalists in 1936 was one of the most heroic episodes of the Spanish Civil War. Other buildings such as the Ayuntamiento (early 18th century), the numerous Baroque churches, the Neoclassical Hospital del Nuncio and the Institute of Secondary Education, the museums of El Greco's house and of the Taller del Moro, and the modern Military Academy of Infantry, parks, and promenades justify the city's prestige and fame. Toledan steel and particularly swords have long been famous, being mentioned as early as the 1st century BC in the Cynegetica of Grattius Faliscus. There is an important National Factory of Arms and workshops for damask and engraving, which produce metalwork decorated in the Mudjar tradition. A characteristic product is marzipan, a Christmas sweet made from almonds and sugar. Pop. (1982 est.) 61,813.