TSITSIHAR

WadeGiles romanization Ch'i-ch'i-ha-erh, Pinyin Qiqihar, city, western Heilungkiang sheng (province), China. It is situated in the middle of the fertile Nen River plain, a part of the Manchurian Plain. The site was originally settled by nomadic Tungus and Daghur herdsmen, who called it Pu-k'uei (a Daghur word meaning frontier). A settlement was also said to have been established there under the Mongols in 1333, but the town remained small until the 17th century. The Heilungkiang region then became important both because of the Russian eastward advance to the Pacific and because of increasing Chinese interest in the Amur River valley. Later its importance also grew because of the Manchu government's campaigns against the Mongols. Tsitsihar became the communications centre of Heilungkiang province, which was still sparsely inhabited, as well as a major garrison centre. The military government of Heilungkiang was transferred to the village of Tsitsihar in 1699. A military depot with barracks and arsenal was set up there, and many convicted criminals, both Chinese and Manchu, were exiled to the area. In the 18th century Tsitsihar was a frontier town renowned for its gambling and sexual license. Nonetheless, it was also a centre of Chinese influence. Schools were established there for the Manchu garrison in 1744 and for the Chinese in 1796. Despite the ban on Chinese settlement, Chinese immigrants soon swamped the Manchus, so that by the end of the 18th century almost the entire urban population was Chinese-speaking. In the 1860s, after the territory north of the Amur had been ceded to the Russians, the Chinese government gradually opened up more and more land in the area to Chinese settlement. By then Tsitsihar had become a city of some size, and by the end of the 19th century some industry had also been established. The completion of the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1903 made the city a centre for communications, and in the late 1920s and '30s a network of lines radiating from the city was extended into the northern part of Heilungkiang. By 1932 the city had a great concentration of handicraft industries. Under the Japanese, who occupied the region from 1931/32 to 1945, Tsitsihar became a major military base, and its economic importance grew rapidly. Tsitsihar has become a large and important industrial city with an engineering industry producing heavy machinery, railroad equipment and rolling stock, machine tools, diesel engines, cranes, and other products. It has a large woodworking and timber industry, using timber from the Greater Khingan Range. There is a large paper mill, installed in 1954, which produces newsprint. Food processing is also important and includes the production of milk powder and other dairy produce (the Nen River plain is a dairy farming district), and there is sugar refining from local sugar beets. Pop. (1989 est.) 1,040,500.