TUVE, MERLE ANTONY

born June 27, 1901, Canton, S.D., U.S. died May 20, 1982, Bethesda, Md. American research physicist and geophysicist who developed the radio-wave exploration method for the ionosphere. The observations he made provided the theoretical foundation for the development of radar. With the American physicist Gregory Breit, Tuve in 1925 succeeded in measuring the height of the Earth's ionosphere by bouncing short-pulse radio waves off its ionized layer of air and determining the amount of time taken by the echoes to return. In 1926 Tuve investigated long-range seismic refraction (change in the path through the Earth of a disturbance as it passes through material of varying composition). After receiving his doctorate in physics from Johns Hopkins University (1926), he joined the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (Washington, D.C.), where he used high-voltage accelerators to define the structure of the atom. He verified the existence of the neutron, measured the bonding forces in atomic nuclei, produced beta and gamma radiation and high-velocity protons, and researched radioastronomy and artificial radioactivity. Tuve served as director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution from 1946 to 1966. In 1946 he was awarded the U.S. Presidential Medal of Merit and made a commander in the Order of the British Empire. He was knighted in 1948.