UNDERSEA EXPLORATION

the investigation and description of the ocean waters and the seafloor and of the Earth beneath. Additional reading The classical tools of the oceanographer are described by H.U. Sverdrup, Martin W. Johnson, and Richard H. Fleming, The Oceans (1942, reissued 1970). More recent texts on oceanography and marine biology include M. Grant Gross, Oceanography, a View of the Earth, 5th ed. (1990); George L. Pickard and William J. Emery, Descriptive Physical Oceanography, 5th enlarged ed. (1990); James P. Kennett, Marine Geology (1982); Bruce A. Warren and Carl Wunsch (eds.), Evolution of Physical Oceanography (1981); James L. Sumich, An Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life, 5th ed. (1992); M.N. Hill et al. (eds.), The Sea (1962 ); and J.P. Riley and G. Skirrow (eds.), Chemical Oceanography, 2nd ed., 8 vol. (197583).Exploration and discovery are chronicled in Rachel L. Carson, The Sea Around Us, special ed. (1989); James Dugan and Richard Vahan (eds.), Men Under Water (1965); and Harris B. Stewart, Jr., Deep Challenge (1966). Also informative is the documentary of famous explorers, such as the books by William Beebe, Half Mile Down (1934, reissued 1951); Jacques Piccard and Robert S. Dietz, Seven Miles Down (1961); George Stephen Ritchie, Challenger: The Life of a Survey Ship (1957); Helen Raitt, Exploring the Deep Pacific, 2nd ed. (1964); Willard Bascom, A Hole in the Bottom of the Sea: The Story of the Mohole Project (1961); Francis P. Shepard, The Earth Beneath the Sea, rev. ed. (1967); and Daniel Behrman, The New World of the Oceans (1969). Information on exploration and survey vessels in operation today may be found in an annually updated loose-leaf catalog, Oceanography Vessels of the World (1961 ), published by the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office. Stewart B. Nelson, Oceanographic Ships, Fore and Aft (1971, reprinted 1983), provides a complete history of U.S. vessels up to the time of publication. See also Jacques Cousteau and Alexis Siverine, Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (1983; originally published in French, 1978); R. Frank Busby, Manned Submersibles (1976), on their design and operation; and Kenneth J. Hs, Challenger at Sea, trans. from German (1992).Modern undersea explorers are strongly dependent on innovative engineering and technology, such as that treated in Jane's Ocean Technology, 197980 (1979); John J. Myers (ed.), Handbook of Ocean and Underwater Engineering (1969); John F. Brahtz (ed.), Ocean Engineering (1968); and Robert L. Wiegel, Oceanographical Engineering (1964). See also John Brackett Hersey (ed.), Deep-Sea Photography (1967); J.F.R. Gower (ed.), Oceanography from Space (1981); G.A. Maul, Introduction to Satellite Oceanography (1985); and F. Dobson, L. Hasse, and R. Davis (eds.), Air-Sea Interaction: Instruments and Methods (1980). Andreas B. Rechnitzer D. James Baker The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica