UNILEVER

either of twin companies, Unilever PLC (based in London) and Unilever NV (based in Rotterdam), which are the holding companies for more than 500 companies worldwide engaged in the manufacture and sale of soaps, foods, and other products for household consumption. The boards of directors of the two companies are identical in membership, and mutual agreements equalize dividends on ordinary capital, so that the companies, though dual in appearance, are unitary in fact. The modern Unilever is descended chiefly from three companies founded in the 19th century. In The Netherlands the Jurgens family had been in the dairy business for some 50 years when in 1854 two brothers, Anton and Johannes, formed a partnership, Gebroeders Jurgens, at Oss and began concentrating on butter export, chiefly to Britain. The heavy demand for increasingly expensive butter, however, led the company in 1871 to start producing the newly invented margarine. Meanwhile, another family in Oss, the Van den Berghs, had established themselves in the butter trade at midcentury and, in the 1870s, also began making margarine. In the following decade, in 1885, in Britain, William Hesketh Lever (later Viscount Leverhulme), together with his brother, James Darcy Lever, founded Lever Brothers for the making and selling of soap. He was first to market the wrapped bar of soap made from tallow and vegetable and cottonseed oils and, even more important, introduced energetic advertising, with slogans and giveaway-prize campaigns. The three businesses grew at a great rateLever Brothers expanding operations into continental Europe and overseas, and the Jurgens and Van den Berghs extending more into Britain and other parts of the world. By the First World War the British were also making margarine, and the Dutch were also producing soap, for both products were made from similar oils and fats. In 1927 the two Dutch firms merged to form Margarine Unie NV in The Netherlands and Margarine Union Limited in Britain, bonded together with common directors and equalized dividends and capital values. In 1928 other major European producers of oils, soaps, and margarines were brought in. Finally, in 1929, Lever Brothers and its associated firms joined the group, and the twin companies were renamed Unilever. In the decades after World War II, Unilever began making detergents and other synthetic products. In the 1980s the company embarked on a more ambitious diversification program with the purchase (1986) of Chesebrough-Pond's, Inc., and other makers of personal-care products. Unilever became a major manufacturer of perfumes and cosmetics with the purchase of Calvin Klein, Inc., Faberge Inc., and Elizabeth Arden in 1989. The company sold off its specialty-chemicals businesses in 1997 in order to concentrate on its consumer product lines. The great majority of Unilever's sales are in home productssoaps and detergents, margarines, cooking fats, salad dressings, ice cream, toiletries (toothpastes, hairsprays, etc.), packaged and processed foods, perfumes and cosmetics, and beverages. The company's sales are primarily based in Europe, followed by North America.