VAN ALLEN, JAMES ALFRED

born Sept. 7, 1914, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, U.S. American physicist whose discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts, two zones of radiation encircling the Earth, brought about new understanding of cosmic radiation and its effects upon the Earth. Van Allen was a naval officer during World War II and helped develop the radio proximity fuse for naval artillery shells. In 1946 he was placed in charge of high altitude research at the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University, Silver Spring, Md. He supervised the testing and use of captured German V-2 rockets for upper atmosphere exploration and assisted in the development of the Aerobee, one of the first rockets built for research purposes. Van Allen became professor of physics at the University of Iowa in 1951. He was one of the scientists who proposed a program of worldwide cooperation in research, the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 195758. The instrumentation of the early Explorer satellites, part of the United States' IGY program, was built by Van Allen and his associates. The information on cosmic radiation gathered by these satellites led to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts. He later participated in the development of numerous space probes built to study planetary and solar physics. Van Allen wrote numerous papers and journal articles. He also edited Scientific Uses of Earth Satellites (1956) and was an associate editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research (195964) and Physics of Fluids (195862). He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1959 and became president of the American Geophysical Union in 1982.