VICTOR

died April 20, 1164, Lucca, Tuscany original name Ottaviano De Monticello antipope from 1159 to 1164, the first of four antipopes established against Pope Alexander III by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. (In adopting his papal name, he ignored the antipope Victor of 1138.) Made cardinal by Pope Innocent II in 1138, he was elected by a minority of cardinals in September 1159, while, concurrently, a majority elected Alexander as Adrian IV's successor. After a scandalous scene between Victor and Alexander, Victor's armed supporters burst into St. Peter's, Rome, and enthroned him, forcing Alexander to withdraw. Frederick, as protector of the church, attempted to solve the schism both through diplomacy and by convening the Council of Pavia in 1160 to obtain ecclesiastical endorsement for Victor. Europe, however, rejected any revival of imperial control over the papacy. Even in Germany some clergy remained loyal to Alexander. Victor never received much support and anathematized Alexander, who excommunicated Frederick for convoking the council. Victor was succeeded by the antipope Paschal III. flourished 12th century original name Gregory Conti antipope from March to May 29, 1138. He was a cardinal when chosen pope by a faction opposing Pope Innocent II and led by King Roger II of Sicily and the powerful Pierleoni family. Victor succeeded the antipope Anacletus II (Pietro Pierleoni), but the renowned mystic abbot St. Bernard of Clairvaux influenced him to reconcile with Innocent. He submitted at Rome on May 29.