VLOR PROCLAMATION

(Nov. 28, 1912), declaration of Albanian independence from Ottoman rule. After the Turkish government adopted a policy of administrative centralization for the Ottoman Empire (1908), Albanian nationalist leaders led a series of revolts (190912) demanding the unification of the empire's Albanian districts and political and cultural autonomy within them. While the Albanians, after a successful uprising in 1912, were negotiating with the Turks, however, a coalition of Balkan states declared war on the Ottoman Empire (October 1912). Because one of the Balkan states' goals was to divide the Albanian districts of the empire among themselves and because their armies swiftly overcame the Turkish forces, the Albanian leaders abandoned their goal of creating an autonomous province within the empire. Instead, on Nov. 28, 1912, while their lands were being occupied by Serbian, Montenegrin, and Greek troops, 83 delegates from all parts of Albania met at Vlor (Valona), where their leader, Ismail Qemal, proclaimed Albania an independent state. Although the Balkan allies continued to seize Albanian territory, the major European powers, influenced primarily by Austria-Hungary and Italy, approved the formation of a sovereign Albanian state (December 1912). Confirming their position in the Treaty of London (May 30, 1913), which ended the 1912 Balkan War, the powers next determined Albania's borders with Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece; obtained the withdrawal of foreign troops from Albania; and on July 29, 1913, formally recognized Albania as an independent principality, guaranteed its status, and named as its sovereign Wilhelm zu Wied, a prince from the German Rhineland.