VOLNEY, CONSTANTIN-FRANOIS DE CHASSEBOEUF, COUNT (COMTE)

born Feb. 3, 1757, Craon, France died April 25, 1820, Paris historian and philosopher, whose work Les Ruines . . . epitomized the rationalist historical and political thought of the 18th century. As a student in Paris, Volney frequented the salon of Madame Helvtius, widow of the philosopher Claude Helvtius, and knew the Baron d'Holbach and Benjamin Franklin. Following an early interest in history and ancient languages, Volney traveled in Egypt and Syria, after which he wrote Voyage en Syrie et en gypte . . . , 2 vol. (1787; Travels Through Syria and Egypt . . .). In 1791 his most influential work appeared, Les Ruines, ou mditations sur les rvolutions des empires (The Ruins: or a Survey of the Revolutions of Empires). Seeking the origins of civil society and the causes for its dissolution, he saw revolution as a result of the abandoning of the principles of natural law and religion, equality, and liberty. As a member of the Estates-General in 1789 and the Constituent Assembly in 1790, Volney urged the establishment of the National Guard and the division of France into communes and departments. In 1792 he bought an estate in Corsica, hoping to improve agriculture by the example of intense cultivation. While visiting Paris in 1793 he was, as a Girondist, imprisoned during the Reign of Terror. After his release he served as professor of history at the cole Normale (Normal School) at Paris (1794), and he also visited the United States from 1795 to 1798. Although he was a senator under Napoleon and was created comte d'empire (1808), he opposed the empire. Louis XVIII created him a peer in 1814.