WAKEFIELD

urban area, city, and metropolitan borough in the southeastern portion of the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough extends eastward from the former coal-mining and wool-manufacturing area in the Pennine foothills to the plain beyond the confluence of the Rivers Aire and Calder at Castleford. Coal mining declined dramatically in the late 20th century, and the only remaining mine, near the town of Pontefract in the eastern part of the borough, supplies the electricity-generating stations of Ferrybridge. The fertile limestone area in the eastern part of the borough is graced by fine mansions set in parkland, such as Bretton and Woolley halls and Nostell Priory, but is also scarred by mining subsidence and spoil heaps. The city and metropolitan borough is named for its main population centre, the historic town of Wakefield. Wakefield was originally the chief locality in a large estate belonging to Edward the Confessor and was still a royal manor in 1086. Shortly afterward it became a baronial holding. Wakefield had a wool market by 1308, and Flemish cloth weavers began to settle there about 1470, stimulating the local woolen industry. By the 16th century Wakefield, together with Halifax and Leeds, had become noted for cloth finishing and dyeing. The town was attacked and taken by the Parliamentarian general Thomas Fairfax in 1643 during the English Civil Wars. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the city was noted as a centre for the production of woolen cloth. Wakefield still has a substantial textile industry, but other industries, such as food processing, engineering, machinery, and metal fabrication, are gaining in relative importance. The city retains the administrative importance that it acquired as the county town of the West Riding of the historic county of Yorkshire, but it is subsidiary to Leeds as a commercial centre. Besides the historic town of Wakefield, the city and metropolitan borough encompass the towns of Osset, Horbury, Normanton, Featherstone, Castleford, Pontefract, and Hemsworth, several rural villages, and areas of open countryside. Area metropolitan borough, 129 square miles (333 square km). Pop. (1991) Wakefield urban area, 73,955; (1998 est.) metropolitan borough, 318,800.