WHEAT

cereal grass of the Gramineae (Poaceae) family and of the genus Triticum and its edible grain, one of the oldest and most important of the cereal crops. Wheat is treated in several articles in the Macropaedia. For treatment of its cultivation, see Farming and Agricultural Technology: Crop-farming. For the processing of wheat grain, see Food Processing: Cereals and other starch products. The wheat plant has long, slender leaves, stems that are hollow in most varieties, and heads composed of varying numbers of flowers, ranging from 20 to 100. The flowers are grouped together in spikelets, each having two to six flowers. In most spikelets, two or three of the flowers become fertilized, producing grains. Of the thousands of varieties of wheat known, the most important are Triticum aestivum, used to make bread; T. durum, used in making pasta (alimentary pastes) such as spaghetti and macaroni; and T. compactum, or club wheat, a softer type, used for cake, crackers, cookies, pastries, and family flours. Though grown under a wide range of climates and soils, wheat is best adapted to temperate regions with rainfall between 30 and 90 cm (12 and 36 inches). Winter and spring wheat are the two major types of the crop, with the severity of the winter determining whether a winter or spring type is cultivated. Winter wheat is always sown in the fall; spring wheat is generally sown in the spring but can be sown in the fall where winters are mild. Some wheat is simply prepared by soaking and cooking the grain for use in porridge, broth, or pudding. Most food uses, however, require more processing. The grain is cleaned and then conditioned by the addition of water, so that the kernel breaks up properly. In milling, the grain is cracked and then passed through a series of rollers. As the smaller particles are sifted out, the coarser particles pass to other rollers for further reduction. About 72 percent of the milled grain is recovered as white flour. When a higher percentage is extracted, the flour is darker in colour. Flour made from the whole kernel is called graham flour and becomes rancid with prolonged storage because of the germ-oil content retained. White flour, which does not contain the germ, preserves longer. The greatest portion of the wheat flour produced is used for breadmaking. Wheats grown in dry climates are generally hard types, having protein content of 1115 percent and strong gluten (elastic protein). The hard type produces flour best suited for breadmaking. The wheats of humid areas are softer, with protein content of about 810 percent and weak gluten. The softer type of wheat produces flour suitable for cakes, crackers, cookies, and pastries and household flours. Durum wheat semolina (from the endosperm) is used for making pastas, or alimentary pastes. Although most wheat is grown for human food, and about 10 percent is retained for seed, small quantities are used by industry for production of starch, paste, malt, dextrose, gluten, alcohol, and other products. Inferior and surplus wheats and various milling byproducts are used for livestock feeds. The composition of the wheat grain, a major source of energy in the human diet, varies somewhat with differences in climate and soil. On an average, the kernel contains 12 percent water, 70 percent carbohydrates, 12 percent protein, 2 percent fat, 1.8 percent minerals, and 2.2 percent crude fibres. A pound of wheat contains about 1,500 calories (100 grams contains about 330 calories). Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and small amounts of vitamin A are present, but the milling processes remove the bran and germ, where these vitamins are found in the greatest abundance. More of the world's farmland is devoted to wheat than to any other food crop; in the late 20th century about 570,000,000 acres (230,000,000 hectares) were sown annually, with a total production of almost 600,000,000 metric tons. The world's largest producer is China, with an estimated annual yield of almost 100,000,000 metric tons. Other leading producers are the United States, Russia, India, Ukraine, France, Canada, Kazakstan, and Turkey.