YAKO

also spelled Yak, or Yakurr, people of the Cross River region of eastern Nigeria; they speak Luko, a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Yako are mainly yam farmers; subsidiary crops include cocoyams (taro), corn (maize), okra, and pumpkin. The main cash crop is palm oil. The Yako occupy compact villages divided into wards, each containing several patrilineal clans. Patrilineal descent governs rights to farmland, house sites, and cooperative labour. Men of the same patrilineal clan live together and cooperate in farming activities. The head of the clan arbitrates disputes, performs clan rituals, and represents the clan in external relations. The Yako also recognize matrilineal descent, which governs the inheritance of transferable wealth, such as livestock and currency. Matrilineal kin are responsible for debts incurred by individuals, have rights and obligations in payment of compensation for injuries, and participate in certain rituals associated with a fertility spirit. Secular and ritual authority within the village wards is vested in a group of ward leaders, led by a ward head. Secular and ritual authority for the entire village is concentrated in a council of village priests (the yabot); the village head is the priest of the paramount fertility spirit. Traditional Yako ritual is concerned with sacrifice, invocation or control of spiritual beings, and divination. Supernatural beings include a creator god, protective tutelary spirits, malevolent spirits, and the ghosts of the dead. Many Yako are now Christians.