YOKOHAMA

city and port, capital of Kanagawa ken (prefecture), Japan, and part of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area, which is the largest urban agglomeration in Japan. Situated on the western coast of Tokyo Bay, about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Tokyo, Yokohama was only a small fishing village when in 1859 the neighbouring town of Kanagawa was designated Japan's major port where foreigners could reside and trade. The area flourished with the growth of Japan's foreign trade and shipping after the Meiji Restoration (1868), and in 1889 the city of Yokohama was established through the amalgamation of Kanagawa and Yokohama. The city has become the second largest in Japan and is a major port and industrial centre. It was destroyed by the Great Kanto Earthquake and subsequent fire in 1923 and severely damaged by U.S. air raids in 1945 during World War II but was rebuilt both times. Yokohama stands on a plain shut in by hills, one of which terminates toward the southeast in a promontory called Cape Hommoku. The climate is mild in winter and hot and humid in summer. Early summer and early autumn are rainy seasons; typhoons often strike in September. Yokohama and Kawasaki (between Yokohama and Tokyo) form the centre of the Keihin Industrial Zone. Much of the metropolitan area's heavy manufacturing is concentrated there, including shipbuilding and the production of chemicals, machinery, primary metals, petroleum products, automobiles, and fabricated metal goods. The port of Yokohama, one of the largest in Japan, handles imports of raw materials for the surrounding industrial zone and a wide range of exports. Yokohama's business district, containing many important banks and other businesses, is concentrated around the port. At the northern extremity of the business district, near Sakuragi-cho railway station, is the central shopping street of Isezaki; the industrial area is farther north along the coast. To the south of the business district is Yamate, a hilly residential area. Yamashita Park, which was laid out in 1925 along the base of one of the piers, offers a splendid view of the harbour. Farther south and a short way from the shore, Sankei Garden contains a collection of historic buildings (notably an ancient pagoda) that were brought from other parts of the country. Positioned on a hill above Yamashita Park is Nogeyama Park, which, with its beautiful gardens, open-air theatre, concert hall, and zoo, is one of the largest parks in the city. Yokohama's active cultural life is enhanced by its four universities, two privately owned and two public. The Kanazawa Library, founded in 1275, is renowned for its collection of historical books and documents. Yokohama has a commercial and industrial museum, and its numerous theatres present everything from traditional kabuki plays to modern drama. Local transportation is provided by buses and subway lines. Yokohama is connected by highways and railways with Tokyo and with other major cities of Japan. Atsugi Airport, west of Yokohama, is used by some domestic airlines. The city is also served by Tokyo's Haneda airport and the international airport at Narita across the bay in Chiba prefecture. Area 167 square miles (433 square km); Pop. (1993 est.) 3,288,464.