ZHUKOVSKY, VASILY ANDREYEVICH

born Jan. 29 [Feb. 9, New Style], 1783, Tula province, Russia died April 12 [April 24], 1852, Baden-Baden, Baden Russian poet and translator, one of Aleksandr Pushkin's most important precursors in forming Russian verse style and language. Zhukovsky, the illegitimate son of a landowner and a Turkish slave girl, was educated in Moscow. He served in the Napoleonic War of 1812 and in 1815 joined the tsar's entourage, becoming tutor to the heir to the throne in 1826. In 1841 he retired to Germany. Zhukovsky was a follower of Nikolay Karamzin, the head of a Romantic literary movement that countered the classical emphasis on reason with the belief that poetry should be an expression of feeling. Zhukovsky was a founder of the Arzamas society, a semihumorous, pro-Karamzin literary group established to oppose the classicists. Like Pushkin, Zhukovsky was interested especially in personal experience, Romantic conceptions of landscape, and folk ballads. His first publication was a translation of Thomas Gray's An Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard (1802), and the bulk of his work consists of free translations. He introduced into Russia the works of such German and English contemporaries as Gottfried Brger, Friedrich von Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sir Walter Scott, Lord Byron, and Robert Southey, as well as such classic works as Homer's Odyssey (1849). His collected works were published in four volumes in 195960.