ZITHER

any of several stringed musical instruments. The European zither consists of a flat, shallow sound box across which gut or metal strings are stretched. The strings nearest the player run above a fretted fingerboard against which they are stopped by the left hand to provide melody notes; they are plucked by a plectrum worn on the right thumb. At the same time, the right-hand fingers pluck an accompaniment on the farther strings, which remain unstopped. The zither is placed across the player's knees or on a table. In the late 18th century two principal varieties developed: the Salzburg zither, with a rounded side away from the player; and the Mittenwald zither, with both sides rounded. Tunings vary; a common tuning for the Salzburg zither is 5 melody strings tuned a, d, g, g, and c; and 29 accompanying strings tuned in a cycle of fifths (C, G, D, A, etc.) through the 12 notes of the chromatic scale. Older zithers, such as the Alpine Scheitholt, have narrow rectangular sound boxes and fewer melody strings, their three or more bass strings providing merely a dronelike accompaniment on the tonic and dominant (first and fifth notes of the scale). Their age is unknown; the Scheitholt was described by the German composer Michael Praetorius (15711621). They are found from Romania to Scandinavia and Iceland (e.g., the Swedish hummel) and were eventually influenced by the Austrian zither and the Norwegian langleik, in which the pitch of the drone strings is determined by movable bridges. A French form that died out in the 19th century is the miniature pinette des Vosges. With some of these instruments the melody strings are stopped by pressing them against the frets with a short metal bar, a way of playing preserved on the U.S. variety, the Appalachian, or mountain, dulcimer. In Europe and the United States there are also zithers that are bowed rather than plucked. Zither is also a generic term for stringed instruments the strings of which are fastened across a frame that lacks any projecting neck or arms. The resonator may be part of the body or may be attached to it. Zither-family instruments assume a variety of forms. The body may be a flexible stick, as in the musical bow, or may be a rigid bar, as in many Indian and Southeast Asian and some African zithers. Bar zithers often have high frets; one-stringed varieties may be called monochords. The resonators of bar and stick zithers are usually gourds or the player's mouth. A zither body may be a tube, as in the valiha of Madagascar and parts of Africa, or a tube halved lengthwise or a trough across which strings are laced. On tube zithers the strings may be sliced from the bamboo of the tube and, remaining undetached at the ends, be given tension by bridges inserted under them at each end (idiochord zither); on most zithers, however, strings and body are of separate material (heterochord zither). Other important forms are a frame with a glued-on soundboard, as in psalteries, dulcimers, and their descendants, the stringed keyboard instruments; and a box, as with the Scheitholt and other European fretted zithers. Large East Asian zithers, such as the Chinese ch'in and the Japanese koto, are called long zithers; their body shape is midway between a board and a half-tube. The prototypes of zithers may be such primitive instruments as the ground bow, or earth bow, and ground zither. In both, a piece of bark fastened across a hole in the earth serves as a resonator. In the earth bow a flexible stick is inserted in the ground near the resonator. To its free end is attached a string, which runs to the resonator. The player beats the string rhythmically with a stick or sometimes plucks it, varying pitch by bending the stick or stopping the string with his fingers. Ground zithers consist of a string run between two sticks, one situated on either side of the hole; from that string a second string runs vertically down to the resonator. The horizontal string is struck with a stick.