ZUCKMAYER, CARL

born Dec. 27, 1896, Nackenheim, Ger. died Jan. 18, 1977, Visp, Switz. German playwright whose works deal critically with many of the contemporary problems engendered by two world wars. Zuckmayer served for four years in the German Army in World War I and thereafter devoted himself to writing. In spite of his association in 1924 with the avant-garde playwright Bertolt Brecht and the innovative director Max Reinhardt, he remained faithful to the techniques of Naturalism. His first notable dramatic success was the earthy comedy Der frhliche Weinberg (1925; The Happy Vineyard), for which he received the Kleist Prize. Der Hauptmann von Kpenick (1931; The Captain of Kpenick, 1932), one of his most highly regarded works, is a satire on Prussian militarism. In 1933 political pressure forced him to emigrate to Austria, where he wrote Der Schelm von Bergen (1934; The Villain of Bergen). He fled to the United States in 1939 and became a citizen. There he wrote one of his best known dramas, Des Teufels General (1946; The Devil's General, 1962). With this play, which dramatizes the plight of men torn between loyalty to country and the demands of conscience, Zuckmayer's dramatic career entered a new phase. The zestful, life-affirming spirit of his earlier works was thereafter tempered with critical moral evaluation. In this spirit he wrote Barbara Blomberg (1949), Der Gesang im Feuerofen (1950; The Song in the Fiery Furnace), and Das kalte Licht (1955; The Cold Light), based on the treason case of the atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs. Zuckmayer took up residence in Switzerland in 1946. In 1952 his collected works received the Goethe Prize. Zuckmayer's faith in human nature was never totally shaken, and his plays, though often critical, do not have the apocalyptic tone of those by many of his German contemporaries. Among his other works are essays, dramatic adaptations (as of Maxwell Anderson's What Price Glory?), motion-picture scenarios (as for The Blue Angel, 1930), novels (as Salwre; oder, die Magdalena von Bozen, 1936; The Moons Ride Over, 1937), and two autobiographical works, Second Wind (1940; only the English version published) and Als wr's ein Stck von mir (1966; abridged English version, A Part of Myself, 1970). His collected works, in four volumes, were published in 1961.