1.
Tribalism is the state of existing as a tribe.
Apartheid used ~ as the basis of its ‘divide-and-rule’ homeland policies.
N-UNCOUNT
2.
You can use ~ to refer to the loyalties that people feel towards particular social groups and to the way these loyalties affect their behaviour and their attitudes towards others.
His argument was that multi-party systems encourage ~.
N-UNCOUNT disapproval