noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a cancer cell
▪
Already there are many treatments which destroy cancer cells.
a cancer charity (= one that raises money to treat or cure cancer )
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The event raised thousands of pounds for a cancer charity.
a cancer/AIDS etc patient
▪
One in three cancer patients suffers no pain at all.
a cancer/AIDS etc victim
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He helped raise £2,000 for a dying cancer victim.
a cancer/infection spreads (= in someone’s body )
▪
The cancer had spread to his brain.
AIDS/cancer/asthma/arthritis etc sufferers
▪
a support group for cancer sufferers
cancer treatment
▪
She began to investigate alternative cancer treatments.
lose sb to cancer/AIDS etc
▪
He lost his father to cancer his father died of cancer last year.
skin cancer
▪
Too much exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer.
stomach cancer
▪
She was diagnosed with stomach cancer last year.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
cervical
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The test was oversold as an insurance against developing cervical and uterine cancer when it was no such thing.
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Doctors say cervical cancer often has no symptoms.
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The Papanicolaou test for cervical cancer detection: a triumph and a tragedy.
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Thompson said the Pap smear only detects cervical cancer; it does not detect ovarian cancer or endometrial cancer.
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Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective.
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The average age of women with invasive cervical cancer is between 45 and 50.
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New developments in cervical cancer screening and prevention.
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The risk factors for pre-invasive cervical cancer , also called cervical dysplasia, and cervical cancer are the same.
colonic
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Therefore, of 180 patients eligible for colonic cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis 160 were entered into the programme.
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Invitro, high extracellular calcium concentrations inhibit the proliferation of human colonic epithelial cells and several colonic cancer cell lines.
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A reduced fibre content of the diet on its own might be an important contributor to the development of colonic cancer .
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Of these 25 remain well; 13 ar unaccounted for, and one died from colonic cancer .
colorectal
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Calcium may protect against colorectal cancer by reducing epithelial cell turnover.
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The specific carcinogens, however, that cause the colorectal cancers in humans remain unknown.
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Differences in the glycosylation of cell surface components of colorectal cancer cells have been previously shown.
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An altered glycosylation phenotype in colorectal cancer .
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In addition, the distribution of characteristics known to affect survival in colorectal cancer was similar in the two study groups.
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Setting the stage in colorectal cancer ?
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A range of genetic alterations have recently been described in colorectal cancer and its benign precursor, the large bowel adenoma.
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The strong association between colorectal dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis was described in 1967.
developing
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Some tobacco companies even suggested that people might become smokers to relieve the irritation caused by a developing cancer !
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The younger a person is when he or she starts smoking, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer .
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Staff learned how to minimise the risks of developing cancer and how to recognise the symptoms.
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Eventually the chances of developing lung cancer and other diseases will also be lessened, until they are the same as for non-smokers.
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Studies indicate that the risk of developing skin cancer is significantly increased by excessive sun exposure during childhood.
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Such was the perceived risk of a patient developing cancer that prophylactic colectomy has been recommended.
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Does this mean that I am more at risk of developing skin cancer ?
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An increased risk of developing gastric cancer after previous vagotomy has also been reported.
gastric
▪
A cohort study of gastric cancer incidence among cimetidine users previously published is extended with additional three years of observation.
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It is speculated that this increases protection against gastric cancer .
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Ascorbic acid, the reduced form of vitamin C, is thought to protect against gastric cancer .
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H pylori infection has been shown in prospective epidemiological studies to be a risk factor for gastric cancer .
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However, the random biopsy specimens in the patients with early gastric cancer did not show dysplasia at either investigation.
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The authors thus concluded that the excess mortality noted for gastric cancer was probably related to socioeconomic class rather than coal mining.
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It has been suggested that gastric cancer which occurs in some manual workers is occupation related.
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The excess for gastric cancer was noted only for men over 70 years of age.
human
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At one point he was involved in research on the possible viral aetiology of human cancer .
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The virus proved highly selective in killing several lines of human cancer cells in laboratory cell cultures.
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The human cancer cell could not be more different.
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This virus causes glandular fever and is also associated with a human cancer called Burkitt's lymphoma.
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An altered expression of such adhesion molecules may influence the aggressiveness of local infiltrative growth and metastasis in human cancers .
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It has been previously shown that the expression of integrins is differently diminished in a chain-specific manner in human colorectal cancer .
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Demonstrating that a virus isolated from a human cancer can cause further cancers in other humans is clearly an unacceptable experiment!
ovarian
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Most cases of ovarian cancer arise on the epithelial surface of the ovary, not in the ovary itself.
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In order to diagnose ovarian cancer , you have to do surgery to obtain a biopsy.
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Anything that inhibits ovulation - eg, pregnancy or oral contraception - reduces the risk of ovarian cancer .
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Thompson said the Pap smear only detects cervical cancer; it does not detect ovarian cancer or endometrial cancer.
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Trials have been encouraging, with a 30-35 percent remission rate in over 200 ovarian cancer patients.
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Bobbi Olson was first diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the spring of 1997.
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Every year 6,000 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 4,000 die.
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Rehnquist confronted it himself when his wife, Natalie, died in 1991 after a long battle with ovarian cancer .
prostate
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Ten patients had been treated for prostate cancer and one had experienced a spinal cord injury.
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On that day, Mobutu made a triumphal return from four months of convalescence abroad after prostate cancer surgery.
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The Government has increased research into prostate cancer twentyfold, to £4.2m a year.
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A prostate cancer patient, Milken continues to search for cures for the deadly disease, Reese said.
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Mobutu, undergoing treatment for prostate cancer , has been operating largely from his villa in nearby RoquebruneCap-Martin.
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Sherrod Brown, D-Ohio, wants a special stamp to raise funds to fight prostate cancer .
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Mitterrand, a Socialist, had been ill with prostate cancer for several years.
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Mr Mitterrand, who had suffered from prostate cancer , spent his last days in his study near the Eiffel Tower.
prostatic
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Local eradication of prostatic cancer probably occurs more commonly with radical prostatectomy than with radiotherapy.
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Having been diagnosed with prostatic cancer some time ago, &038;.
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Opinion is divided about the value of screening for prostatic cancer and about the management of localised disease.
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Screening for prostatic cancer Editor, - Fritz H Schröder makes a cogent case against widespread screening for cancer of the prostate.
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This has never been shown for prostatic cancer .
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Assessing treatment in early prostatic cancer is difficult.
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The authors indicate therefore that excesses of prostatic cancer in industrial workforces are unlikely to be due to external radiation.
▪
The authors do not state whether they actually treated the patients found to have prostatic cancer .
testicular
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Armstrong recovered from testicular cancer to compete in one of sport's most gruelling tests a year later.
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The drug was banned more than 20 years later when the adults who were exposed in utero developed vaginal and testicular cancers .
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As a 17-year-old, Daniel was diagnosed as suffering from testicular cancer and was treated at the Royal Marsden.
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Former world cycling champion Lance Armstrong is returning to the sport after a year-long battle with testicular cancer next year.
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Was this a result of pollution and increased testicular cancer , which has doubled in the past 20 years?
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Prostate cancer has risen by 200 %, testicular cancer in young men by 300 %.
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Previously chemotherapy was most commonly used to treat men suffering from testicular cancer .
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Hamilton, 39, was diagnosed with testicular cancer in March.
thyroid
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Differentiated thyroid cancer occurs much more commonly in women than in men, largely in the premenopausal years.
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Injuries and thyroid cancer sidelined Jackson often in the last three years, when he won only five games.
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After five years of chemotherapy her thyroid cancer went into remission, though she still has to have annual checks.
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The most probable outcome is 100-150 deaths from thyroid cancer over the same period.
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Apart from thyroid cancer it has not seemed that any illnesses could be detected and so the matter has not been pursued.
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There was also an excess of endometrial and thyroid cancers .
■ NOUN
bowel
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Populations at risk for the development of large bowel cancer are also generally at higher risk for development of coronary heart disease.
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An extra tablespoon sprinkled over the breakfast cereal can help control irritable bowel syndrome, piles, appendicitis and bowel cancer .
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One of these combinations is p53 and c-ras, both frequently activated in large bowel cancers .
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Molecular biology of colorectal neoplasia Large bowel cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world.
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Discussion Overexpression and mutation of the p53 gene is now well described in large bowel cancer .
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Patients 102, 205, 206, 304, and 305 died from bowel cancer associated with multiple polyps.
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Elizabeth Harrison had extensive surgery for bowel cancer .
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Nineth five percent of large bowel cancers showing loss of heterozygosity for 17p alleles also contain a point mutation.
cell
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Already, there are many treatments which destroy cancer cells .
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Something about the ideology of the cancer cell , wasn't it?
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Without blood, cancer cells starve.
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With the infusion of resources into cancer research came an explosion in our ability to understand and manipulate the cancer cell .
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One of them is the drug that kills cancer cells .
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Neoprobe, a biotechnology company, has developed a technology that makes it easier for surgeons to target only cancer cells .
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This will kill of the cancer cells but it will also kill off anything else in the vicinity.
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The virus proved highly selective in killing several lines of human cancer cells in laboratory cell cultures.
colon
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These subjects had an examination for evaluation of occult blood, positive stools or for screening for colon cancer , or both.
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Decreases your risk of colon cancer . 6.
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There is currently no satisfactory means of preventing proximal colon cancer in the general population.
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Then they studied blood and tissue samples from 211 Ashkenazim who had been colon cancer patients.
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The possibility of introducing anti-oncogenes into those with a predisposition to colon cancer is undoubtedly one of the most exciting prospects.
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For patients with a family history of colon cancer , one in three carried the mutated gene.
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Nor do we yet have evidence that removal of proximal adenomas prevents proximal colon cancer .
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In the bed was a sixty-seven-year-old man with a severe colon cancer .
death
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Cigarette smoking causes a third of all cancer deaths .
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After three decades of promotion, the Pap test is largely the reason why cervical cancer deaths have dropped sharply.
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Lung cancer accounts for 15 percent of female cancer deaths .
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Those taking beta-carotene had 13 percent fewer cancer deaths and 9 percent fewer deaths overall.
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Also of note are the cancer deaths among young adults in the districts of Copeland, Barrow and South Lakeland.
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For older men it accounts for between 20 - 40 percent of cancer deaths .
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A comparison of observed young cancer deaths in Copeland with expected deaths shows even greater elevation in the years 1974 to 1980.
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Lung cancer deaths have halved since 1965, mainly due to a reduction in the number of people who smoke.
lung
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Ivester, 50, had been considered heir apparent to replace Goizueta, who died Saturday from complications related to lung cancer .
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At least 90% of lung cancers are due to smoking.
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She died of lung cancer , a result of a three-decade smoking addiction.
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It is directly responsible for 35,000 deaths from lung cancer and twice this number from other diseases every year.
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There was no evidence in these miners that a radon-rich atmosphere increased the risk of any cancer other than lung cancer.
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Eventually the chances of developing lung cancer and other diseases will also be lessened, until they are the same as for non-smokers.
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A radon-related excess of lung cancer is well established.
patient
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However, some organisations have developed special diets which they suggest will help cancer patients .
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It is, however, not effective with cancer patients .
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It was bizarre, surrealistic, a little enclave of cancer patients in a noisy, crowded bar.
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Not all cancer patients prefer to continue working while undergoing treatment.
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Trials have been encouraging, with a 30-35 percent remission rate in over 200 ovarian cancer patients .
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Then they studied blood and tissue samples from 211 Ashkenazim who had been colon cancer patients .
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About 1,000 operations had been postponed and even cancer patients were being delayed.
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Dedicated nineteenth-century physicians working with cancer patients had none of the sophisticated instruments and devices we have today.
research
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Without this help cancer research would dry up and the same statistics would be facing us fifty years from now.
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More than 10 million of our family members, friends, neighbors and co-workers are alive today because of cancer research .
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So without doubt one of the most important and difficult problems in cancer research is that of identifying the other mutations.
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With the infusion of resources into cancer research came an explosion in our ability to understand and manipulate the cancer cell.
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They made a national profit of £7.2 million, of which more than 90p in every pound goes to cancer research .
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These experts bring to the audience the latest in everything from cancer research to the designer disease of the year.
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The laboratories supported by the various cancer research agencies have, of course, made many valuable discoveries.
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The continued effort in cancer research seems worthwhile considering the suffering that patients must endure.
risk
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No danger here.Nuclear workers told cancer risk isn't worth the worry.
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There are a few things already known about ovarian cancer risk .
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Highly selective vagotomy was introduced about 20 years ago and hence any cancer risk should become apparent in the next few years.
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This suggests that such indices are unlikely to provide useful markers for the identification of colorectal cancer risk as previously proposed.
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A case reports and clinical-epidemiological studies have evaluated the cancer risk in patients who have abused anthranoid laxatives over a long period.
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Mr William K. Reilly, the agency's administrator, said the immediate cancer risk to children from fungicide residues was negligible.
skin
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Most skin cancers are completely curable, but some can be fatal.
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One type of skin cancer is malignant melanoma.
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Mr Smith was a rambunctious retiree who lost his nose to an untended skin cancer .
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Ron Brassington's wife developed skin cancer but survived.
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They help deplete the ozone layer, allowing ultraviolet rays to cause deadly skin cancers .
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The number of skin cancer cases in Britain has doubled in 10 years, with the South West as the worst area.
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Other types of skin cancer are associated with continued exposure to the sun over a long period.
stomach
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They have also been linked inconclusively with stomach cancer .
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The researchers used a cancer registry and found that 419 were diagnosed with stomach cancer by 1992.
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Last year he buried his wife after she died from stomach cancer .
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An old man named Captain Stephenson is dying of stomach cancer in a Bay Area hospital.
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Abdominal symptoms brought her to a medical examination, at which a stomach cancer with metastases was diagnosed.
sufferer
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The idea was to talk to survivors of life's hardships, from concentration camp victims to cancer sufferers .
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Karen Hurst helped a 10-year-old a cancer sufferer back to health by donating life-giving marrow last year.
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If successful it will mean gentler treatments for cancer sufferers as many drugs currently in use have toxic side effects.
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Do I really not want to be well? the cancer sufferer asks herself.
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John Head, from Huntley in the Forest of Dean, is a cancer sufferer and recognises the need for urgent help.
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John Head says it is vital the money is found to help other cancer sufferers .
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If that's the case, there's hope for other cancer sufferers .
treatment
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It was the only chemical from all those which showed any potential for cancer treatment .
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Lehman was at Dana-Farber for cancer treatment when she died suddenly on Dec. 3, 1994.
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Discrimination against elderly people, however, appears to be a general feature of cancer treatment .
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The network focuses on a single application: networking powerful computers to help doctors plan radiation therapy for cancer treatment .
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Many genotoxic cancer treatments may also exert their effect through the enhanced induction of apoptosis.
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Brawley of the National Cancer Institute said recent data counter the widespread assumption that blacks are underrepresented in cancer treatment trials.
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It could revolutionise cancer treatment worldwide.
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Taxol has been heralded as a breakthrough in cancer treatment .
victim
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Margarita Georgiou brought her wedding day forward after cancer victim Nick was told by doctors he didn't have long to live.
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Among the seven brave children was blind cancer victim Nicholas Killen.
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But the cancer victim insisted he was well treated.
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Ronald Joyce recalls Lenny helping raise £2,000 for a dying cancer victim .
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Five-year-old cancer victim Belinda Giles was rushed in by her parents, Gill and Paul, when her temperature soared.
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Charles showed great loyalty to his cancer victim wife Jill Ireland and deserves a new start.
■ VERB
cause
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The residues accumulate in our bodies and can cause cancer and birth defects.
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Some of the chemicals cause cancer , some sterility.
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Two were abandoned in the mid-1980s when they were discovered to cause cancer in rats.
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They had received little training on the job, and had not been plainly told that plutonium caused cancer .
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These proto-oncogenes can apparently cause cancer when something happens to disrupt their normal activities.
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Once in the body it usually concentrated in the bones, often causing cancer .
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The specific carcinogens, however, that cause the colorectal cancers in humans remain unknown.
detect
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Between 1982 and 1992 the cost of treating a detected cancer quadrupled.
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Thompson said the Pap smear only detects cervical cancer; it does not detect ovarian cancer or endometrial cancer.
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Colonoscopic surveillance in colitis should reduce cancer related death compared with routine clinical care, by detecting early curable cancer.
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There is not yet a single simple method of detecting cancer , yet this would be invaluable.
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Pap smears and pelvic examinations every three years for women to detect cervical cancer .
develop
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A typical example is the tendency to blame yourself for instance, for smoking for many years before developing lung cancer .
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He developed cancer , and despite radium treatment - after which all his hair fell out - he was declared terminally ill.
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None of the offspring in this study developed cancer .
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Specialist medical evidence in the case showed that he had developed lung cancer as a result of active and passive smoking.
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Amaro developed prostate cancer nine years ago and had surgery to remove it.
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There was a risk that he could develop mesothelioma or lung cancer .
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Belli developed pancreatic cancer three weeks after the marriage and died earlier this month.
diagnose
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He was 77 and had been diagnosed with colon cancer last November.
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Just before she flew to nationals, she learned that her father, Gene, had been diagnosed with bladder cancer .
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A typical example is Victoria Kagi, who was diagnosed with bone cancer .
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Researchers said the discovery could provide a new way for doctors to diagnose the severity of cancer cases.
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Eighteen months ago Lynda Murray was diagnosed as having cancer and given just six months to live.
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Bobbi Olson was first diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the spring of 1997.
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Hamilton, 39, was diagnosed with testicular cancer in March.
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The 60-year-old retired engineer was diagnosed with prostate cancer in January.
die
▪
Pickle was first - tan and white terrier, died of cancer at eight.
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Battles over the monetary and literary estate of the Fresno author began as soon as he died of cancer at age 72.
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She died of cancer at the age of 48, when her suppressed anger and resentment emerged as multiple tumours.
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She died of cancer just a few days after Samuel George was born.
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Atwater died of brain cancer in 1991.
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The human psyche is so pathetically insecure that we would rather die of lung cancer than confront an uncomfortable situation.
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A tragedy is when you go to all these hospitals and see little children dying of cancer .
dye
▪
I had said goodbye to him for the last time; he was dying of cancer .
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An old man named Captain Stephenson is dying of stomach cancer in a Bay Area hospital.
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The waiflike wife, holding his hand, was dying of cancer too.
▪
A tragedy is when you go to all these hospitals and see little children dying of cancer .
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The subject was the courageous crusade of a Somerset doctor, Geoffrey Taylor, who was dying of cancer .
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Soon she was dying of cancer , in good South Chicago style.
find
▪
Integration of the viral genes Nevertheless, some viruses that lack known cancer genes have also been found to induce cancer.
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He found out about the cancer not long after you were kidnaped.
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The next morning he awoke to find the cancer had vanished.
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John Head says it is vital the money is found to help other cancer sufferers.
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They found that she had cancer in her lungs and kidneys.
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During these years, Myra was found to have cancer .
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Killing Newley still seemed desirable, if far-fetched, like becoming a millionaire or finding a cure for cancer .
help
▪
The fashion show was founded by Daniel and university friends to support the fellowship and help a local cancer charity.
▪
Karen Hurst helped a 10-year-old a cancer sufferer back to health by donating life-giving marrow last year.
▪
However, some organisations have developed special diets which they suggest will help cancer patients.
▪
And I'd gladly wave goodbye to the odd beagle if it would help cure cancer .
▪
John Head says it is vital the money is found to help other cancer sufferers.
increase
▪
Hypothesis Power lines, cancer and cyclotron resonance Living close to overhead power lines may increase the risk of cancer in humans.
▪
Those who inherit one gene have an increased chance of acquiring cancers later in life.
▪
Was this a result of pollution and increased testicular cancer , which has doubled in the past 20 years?
▪
The prospect of increasing the risk of cancer is frightening, but you must keep certain facts in mind.
▪
It is speculated that this increases protection against gastric cancer .
▪
Second, the animals given these substances are bred in a manner that probably increases their susceptibility to cancer .
▪
Critics say that could lead to vitamin deficiencies or possible long-term effects on health such as increased incidence of cancer .
link
▪
The treaty is aimed at curtailing the use of 12 chemicals linked to cancer and birth defects.
▪
They have also been linked inconclusively with stomach cancer .
▪
And some of these have been linked with allergies and cancer .
▪
Evidence linking vitamin antioxidants and cancer obtained from epidemiological studies is conflicting.
▪
There are various ways in which fibre-depleted foods are now thought to be linked with cancer of the large bowel.
▪
Smoking Smoking is linked both to lung cancer and coronary heart disease.
▪
Cytogeneticists have long suspected that these chromosomal anomalies are linked with cancer , but only now has their message been deciphered.
prevent
▪
There is currently no satisfactory means of preventing proximal colon cancer in the general population.
▪
The products are said to prevent cancer , but studies carried out by the Us National Cancer Institute repudiate these claims.
▪
Nor do we yet have evidence that removal of proximal adenomas prevents proximal colon cancer .
▪
Nothing can guarantee to prevent cancer , but there is some standard advice for reducing the risk.
▪
Both types of cancer are now subject to national screening programmes as early detection may prevent these cancers being fatal.
▪
Paclitaxel prevents cancer cells by binding to cell components called microtubules.
suffer
▪
As a 17-year-old, Daniel was diagnosed as suffering from testicular cancer and was treated at the Royal Marsden.
▪
Mitterrand had been suffering from prostate cancer for several years, for which he underwent surgery twice.
▪
Many more will have suffered from cancers brought on by one of the radioactive substances released.
▪
But he said that reports that Graham suffers from prostate cancer are untrue.
▪
Previously chemotherapy was most commonly used to treat men suffering from testicular cancer .
▪
Mr Mitterrand, who had suffered from prostate cancer , spent his last days in his study near the Eiffel Tower.
▪
Yesterday an inquest was told Mr Coulson was suffering from cancer of the lung and heart disease.
▪
A cousin suffers from bone cancer .
treat
▪
The technique is as for treating oesophageal cancers and has been published previously.
▪
Her husband was in the hospital being treated for cancer .
▪
Between 1982 and 1992 the cost of treating a detected cancer quadrupled.
▪
Mobutu, who has been treated for cancer , did not enter the capital.
▪
He has claimed success with every kind of tumour that he has treated - including lung cancer at a late stage.
▪
However, progress in treating cancer has not been great enough to lower the death rate in the face of increased incidence.
▪
Ten patients had been treated for prostate cancer and one had experienced a spinal cord injury.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪
cancer of the liver
▪
He died of cancer at the age of 63.
▪
lung cancer
▪
The mayor has called drug abuse "a cancer on our society."
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪
An extra tablespoon sprinkled over the breakfast cereal can help control irritable bowel syndrome, piles, appendicitis and bowel cancer .
▪
And his wife Marion, 37, has had a major cancer op.
▪
Childhood cancers are diffuse, that is, they affect the whole body, so systematic treatment is the rule.
▪
Nowhere in film had she seen images of people outliving cancer .
▪
The authors indicate therefore that excesses of prostatic cancer in industrial workforces are unlikely to be due to external radiation.
▪
They knew all about the mills, about the cancer .
▪
What was your reaction when you were first told you had cancer ?