I. noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a chemical compound (= formed by a chemical process involving two or more elements )
a chemical weapons ban
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a global chemical weapons ban
chemical engineering
chemical pollution
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Chemical pollution threatens the survival of these animals.
chemical properties
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They grouped the known elements by chemical properties.
chemical reaction
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the chemical reaction between ozone and chlorine
chemical warfare (= using chemicals, for example poisonous gases, as weapons )
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the consequences of America’s chemical warfare in Vietnam
chemical warfare
chemical weapon
chemical/biological weapons (= weapons that use chemicals such as poisonous gases, or dangerous germs )
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Troops may have been exposed to chemical weapons.
chemical/industrial etc pollutants
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industrial pollutants in the lake
industrial/chemical waste
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pollution caused by industrial waste
nuclear/chemical etc warhead
toxic chemicals/substances/fumes/gases
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Toxic chemicals were spilled into the river.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
agricultural
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This has been mostly in agricultural chemicals where tonnages have proved a good fit with Hickson's type of batch equipment.
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The agricultural chemicals and the fuel are no longer available.
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But hares were declining before paraquat was introduced, and the effects of agricultural chemicals on wildlife are notoriously difficult to assess.
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Extensive use of agricultural chemicals has driven out many animal and plant species.
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Glyphosate, often sold under the brand name Roundup, is one of the world's most widely used agricultural chemicals .
dangerous
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They say that because the chalk's porous, dangerous chemicals could seep into groundwater below.
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In addition, it seems no public warnings were issued about the addition of this potentially dangerous chemical .
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Time allowed 00:18 Read in studio A drum of dangerous chemicals has been stolen from a factory store.
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No scientist is careless enough to handle dangerous chemicals or substances without suitable protection.
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A mere 66 hold dangerous chemicals .
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He said he had earned an international reputation, particularly in his work on the transportation of dangerous chemicals .
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Mr Howes said he and Mr Dimmer were never issued with protective clothing or warned how dangerous the chemical was.
fine
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Where fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals with high added value can be produced by biotechnology there will be rapid developments.
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Pulp, paper, viscose and fine chemical industries generate huge volumes of sodium sulphate byproduct.
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Our particular strength is that we have progressively focused into areas of specialisation including pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals .
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Howards began by manufacturing fine chemicals , especially the antimalarial drug quinine and its derivatives, for the pharmaceutical industry.
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To describe oneself as a fine chemicals supplier, therefore, requires self-confidence, not to say courage.
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Since 1970, Janssen Chimica has been manufacturing fine chemicals .
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Here, Nicholson extended the range of pharmaceuticals and added fine chemicals for use in the burgeoning dyeing and photographic industries.
hazardous
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However, many potentially hazardous chemical installations are not covered by such regulations.
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Stolen chemicals: A car containing hazardous chemicals was stolen in South Hylton, Sunderland.
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Hazardous chemicals: New powers over the storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals will be introduced.
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Existing powers over importation, use and supply of hazardous chemicals will be extended.
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Safer handling, storage and transport of hazardous chemicals will be held in Aberdeen on 28 February 1992.
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Over the years indiscriminate dumping has resulted in a large number of environmentally dangerous sites that are leaking toxic and hazardous chemicals .
industrial
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Often, as in household products or industrial chemicals , hot competition among affiliates of big multinationals ensures both growth and cost-competitiveness.
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They will be used to bring in the rock crushing plant, the industrial chemicals and the explosives.
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Between 1933 and 1938 the journal Nature published some short reports on the biological effects of several industrial chemicals .
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The University of Kong Hong won a cup and gold medals with a discussion a disposing of the industrial chemical wastes.
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These show the flow of materials during an industrial chemical process.
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More than 50 years later the evidence from the 30s that industrial chemicals had oestrogenic activity resurfaced.
organic
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However, there is little sign that it will ever produce compounds on the scale required by the heavy organic chemicals industry.
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One of the original bugs had undergone a mutation that caused it to excrete acetate, an organic chemical .
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In fact there was remarkably little evidence for standard organic chemicals that do not need to be formed biologically.
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It shows the close association that can exist between organic chemical synthesis and clay surfaces.
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It used to be the basis of the whole heavy organic chemical industry, and might be again.
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The theory is that industrial alcohol can desensitize some one to all synthetic organic chemicals , because it is derived from oil.
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However, human urine would contain hormones that are similar to organic chemicals that sharks use to locate their prey.
synthetic
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More than 75,000 synthetic chemicals are now on the market, with a thousand new ones coming on board every year.
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Many of the compounds in question are members of a group of estrogen-like synthetic chemicals that are widespread in the environment.
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The arrival of synthetic chemicals revolutionized postwar agriculture.
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Why are some people apparently made ill by everyday synthetic chemicals ?
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Any synthetic chemical will carry with it a small percentage of undesirable substances which are not found in the essential oil.
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But above all, a synthetic chemical lacks the life-force found only in nature.
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When tested by a doctor with various synthetic chemicals , Sheila's symptoms reappeared.
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In the case of synthetic chemicals apparently causing asthma, the effect may be due to irritation rather than an allergic reaction.
toxic
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Beyond the barrier lay some of the most toxic chemicals known, awaiting destruction by fire.
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An initial program may include only the most acutely toxic chemicals .
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But what about patients who are apparently fit and healthy until they suffer a massive exposure to toxic man-made chemicals ?
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You want some weirdo skulking around the aisles, spraying toxic chemicals all over the place?
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Numerous instances of the dumping or abandonment of toxic chemicals and other materials have been discovered.
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Entire coastal bays and lagoons along the coast have been fouled by oil spills and the runoff of toxic chemicals .
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Army scatter-spray these toxic chemicals from planes.
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These secretive facilities house the deadly legacies of the Cold War: nuclear weapons, radioactive waste and toxic chemicals .
■ NOUN
business
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Meanwhile Hobor predicts that the speciality chemical businesses will continue to grow through small niche acquisitions as well as internal growth through new products.
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Coalite sale Anglo United is preparing to sell Coalite Chemicals, its speciality chemical business .
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In addition, the impact of economic recession in key markets affected margins in our downstream oil and chemicals businesses .
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Our organic chemicals businesses have survived the recession very well by designing new products and identifying new applications.
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We shall also be receiving £11 million from as their contribution towards putting their organic chemicals business into a joint venture with.
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The decline in earnings reflected the more difficult trading environment experienced by our downstream oil and chemicals businesses .
company
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This involves turning a conventional chemical company almost upside down.
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The world's fourth-biggest chemical company , with its 15,000 products and 600 locations worldwide, has not impressed the stock market.
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The Commission imposed fines on three chemicals companies on Dec. 19, 1990, for operating an illegal cartel in soda ash.
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We are, after all, a large chemical company , and a very small oil company.
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An executive from an international chemical company has given up the rat race to run a plant nursery.
industry
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Roith came to his job in June last year from a career in the oil and chemicals industry .
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Biotechnology will surely play a vital role in any future chemicals industry .
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However, there is little sign that it will ever produce compounds on the scale required by the heavy organic chemicals industry .
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Particular attention was paid to the floor coverings, textile and chemicals industries .
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Consequently, the manufacture of base fertilizers is concentrated amongst large-scale firms who tend to be part of the wider chemical industry .
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Pulp, paper, viscose and fine chemical industries generate huge volumes of sodium sulphate byproduct.
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But developing a large chemical industry needs capital, and to run it needs energy.
plant
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It could be seen any day in the car parks attached to various chemical plants in the Runcorn area.
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As a result western companies have been especially reluctant to buy eastern chemical plants and other polluting or energy-intensive businesses.
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The mercury had been discharged from a local chemical plant .
reaction
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Whether a particular chemical reaction is likely to occur is related to the change in free energy involved.
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Carbon dioxide is released in the ensuing chemical reaction .
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Proteins work as enzymes, catalysing particular chemical reactions .
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Often a single chemical reaction is not sufficient to synthesize a useful end-product.
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Ozone is also decomposed through other chemical reactions .
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Protein molecules called enzymes are machines in the sense that each one causes a particular chemical reaction to take place.
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However, ozone also participates in complex chemical reactions involving trace substances in the stratosphere.
■ VERB
add
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Farmers who add the chemicals to animal feed pour yet more into the environment.
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In May 1992, Game and Fish was desperately trying to save the lake by adding a copper-based chemical called Cutrine-Plus.
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Workers add chemicals to remove impurities such as sulphides.
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The recommendation is to avoid attempting to remove algae by adding chemicals to the aquarium water.
contain
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Tobacco smoke contains thousands of different chemicals which are released into the air as particles and gases.
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These rocks, he says, contain the same chemicals that are Supersaturated in the hot springs today.
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It has long been known that amphibian skin contains strong chemicals .
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The new technology requires the installation of a wall, which contains a chemical that cleanses the water as it flows through.
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Stolen chemicals: A car containing hazardous chemicals was stolen in South Hylton, Sunderland.
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The smoke emitted from the chimneys of incinerators contains a cocktail of chemicals and heavy metals.
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Its alarm pheromone contains over thirty different chemicals .
produce
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Several produce subtle chemical secretions which actually interfere with crop growth.
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They produce chemicals that are toxic to their pests.
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Some have modified cells that are capable of producing luminous chemicals .
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The herrings and preservative had reacted together and produced a chemical which was poisonous to mink.
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It is an unusual technological challenge to be certain of the market and racing to produce the chemical to meet it.
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Nature produces many chemicals in two forms that are mirror images of each other - so-called left-handed and right-handed molecules.
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For a brief period artificial fibres were produced in chemical works.
release
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Carbon dioxide is released in the ensuing chemical reaction.
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Sewage plants that turn sludge into safer materials certainly help the environment, but they do release some chemicals .
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Electrical equipment is a source of low radiation and it also releases chemicals when warm.
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Additionally, this waste is a potential source of pollution when it degrades, releasing undesirable chemicals into the soil and air.
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Even with the lids on tightly, they release minute amounts of chemicals which may be dangerous if they accumulate.
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During acupuncture the body releases natural chemicals which relieve pain and make the patient feel relaxed and well.
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It involved 14 groups of facial muscles and it releases chemicals to the brain that help combat depression.
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The first cell releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap.
use
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Fresh food grown organically - without using chemicals - is better for your health.
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Other strategies use natural chemicals called pheromones to disrupt insect reproduction.
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Nine other sites in Oakland use similar lethal chemicals .
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And as they use more plastic, chemicals and metals, so what they discard becomes increasingly durable and potentially poisonous.
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Because of using the chemicals in the experiments, I was getting a rash.
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The tanks can be used for storing chemicals , food, acids, oils, sewage and other bulk materials.
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Farmers must apply for permits to use the new chemicals and attend training sessions, Minch said.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
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a highly toxic chemical
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Farmers are moving away from the use of chemicals and pesticides.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
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Because of using the chemicals in the experiments, I was getting a rash.
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Eventually a more effective pump was installed which removed both offensive chemicals and colour.
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Folic acid, a B vitamin, reduces heart-attack risks by lowering a potentially deadly blood chemical called homocysteine.
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Kitchen chemicals, such as detergents, are bad for nails because they strip away natural oils.
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Needles had already been inserted in his arms to deliver the fatal mix of chemicals.
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Swallow your chemicals, swallow them fast, and get back inside.
II. adjective
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ NOUN
additive
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According to Hocking, paper cups can not be recycled because they contain chemical additives .
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These deer are grass-fed; growth hormones or other chemical additives are not used.
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It claims that the stringent tests applied to chemical additives would lead to unacceptable delays in the introduction of genetically-altered foods.
agent
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Chemical Disinfection Many chemical agents are used for disinfection.
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A hand-held chemical agent monitor determines whether any contaminants are still present.
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To prevent this happening chemical agents known as sequestrants are used which bind up the residues preventing them from dropping out of solution.
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Some military officials have asserted that the effects of exposure to chemical agents would have been evident among those troops almost immediately.
analysis
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As a multi-skilled employee, her shifts involve chemical analysis , production monitoring and work as a colourist.
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It is also important that the chemical analysis of the specimen be started within 20 minutes of drawing the specimen. 191.
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Ceramics Two general approaches have been much used: thin-section petrography and chemical analysis of the body fabric or composition.
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It remains one of the most sensitive methods for chemical analysis ever developed.
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Part of the bile samples were frozen at -20°C until chemical analysis .
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Typically, the chemical analysis for each sample yields results on over twenty elements.
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The chemical analysis of precious metal artefacts can be difficult because their value and decorative finish usually prevent sampling.
change
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Atomic theory explained chemical change as the rearrangement of unchanging atoms, and therefore in a sense as superficial.
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If the patient had polio, the fluid showed cellular and chemical changes consistent enough for physicians to diagnose the disease.
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This triggers chemical changes in your body, which reacts as if threatened by a foreign substance.
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Fighting for its life causes chemical changes in the flesh.
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The material responds to the pattern of spots, undergoing chemical changes at the bright ones.
composition
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The air samples could give scientists vital information about long-term changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
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Irons come in a variety of classes with different crystal structures, chemical compositions , and inclusions of other minerals.
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Glaze chemical composition also affects its absorption of light.
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How did the planets pick up the necessary angular momentum, and why do the planets have different chemical compositions ?
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Can astronomers deduce, from the chemical composition of the leftover stars, how big it was?
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Other chemical sediments are also characterized by their chemical composition in relation to origin.
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Doing this changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere, ocean and surface rock.
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Although they share the same chemical composition and crystal form, emerald is by far the more valuable.
compound
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Their oxygen is kept not as a gas, but as a chemical compound .
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Vent water is enriched in reduced chemical compounds , especially hydrogen sulfide.
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The inert gases are so called because they do not readily form chemical compounds .
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In nature, the elements form stable chemical compounds with each other, usually involving oxygen.
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The criminals also sold a chemical compound they claimed the law mandated to make made wheelchair access ramps and floors slip resistant.
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About a hundred chemical compounds were continuously measured in the air, soil, and water throughout the whole structure.
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Like all chemical compounds , minerals are homogeneous: A mineral can not be separated mechanically into different substances.
dependency
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Anyway, chemical dependency is easier to study than other sorts.
energy
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Overall labour requirement is minimised by the use of heat and chemical energy in the soaking process.
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In effect, they convert the energy of the electromagnetic radiation into chemical energy.
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But now this energy was in an easily useable form - chemical energy.
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For example, when coal is burned, chemical energy is transformed into thermal energy.
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By means of photosynthesis, plants convert the radiant energy of the sun into chemical energy.
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These allow a store of chemical energy to be converted to electrical energy as required.
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The technique of splitting water to release chemical energy is half of the process known as photosynthesis.
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Chemicals: Used in machines chemicals replace direct manual energy such as wiping, scrubbing and scraping with chemical energy.
engineer
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This is based on calculations performed by chemical engineers and also on experimental trials carried out in a laboratory or pilot plant.
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My father a chemical engineer way out ahead of most of his peers.
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What do you do if you are a bored chemical engineer in Linden, New Jersey?
engineering
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They were the basis of the first textbook on chemical engineering which Davis published in 1901.
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David Rumschitzki, a professor of chemical engineering , said that he virtually never saw a student who began in mid-level remediation.
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Wirral-born Mike joined the company in 1979 from Newcastle University where he gained a chemical engineering degree.
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A leaning toward chemistry and chemical engineering was no doubt kindled in some way by a Mickey Mouse comic strip.
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He undoubtedly made a major contribution, not only to the profession of chemical engineering but to technology and technological education generally.
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His work led to the formation in 1919 of the chemical engineering group of the Society of Chemical Industry.
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The research activities of the department are very wide, encompassing most areas of chemical engineering .
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After a short period Lymn took Rambush into partnership, forming the gas and chemical engineering firm of Lymn &038; Rambush.
fertilisers
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They say it wouldn't be necessary at all if farmers used less chemical fertilisers on their land.
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Four more test orchards were managed conventionally, with the full arsenal of chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
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They have to decide whether or not to use chemical fertilisers , insecticides, herbicides, fungicides.
fertilizer
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Without earthworms and other soil life, no amount of cultivations and chemical fertilizers will build and sustain true structure and fertility.
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The other was an agricultural revolution based on chemical fertilizers , irrigation, and improved seed strains that dramatically expanded food supplies.
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It's based on chemical fertilizer , I've bags of the stuff.
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Another useful salt is plain old chemical fertilizer .
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The long-term dangers of land degradation from irrigation and chemical fertilizers are growing.
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The colonial world can be hit by a shortage in chemical fertilizers .
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I suppose such things were happy on our land because we never put chemical fertilizers on it.
plant
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Other types of cancer were also found to be higher in geographical areas where chemical plants were situated.
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This and subsequent work contributed significantly to the current understanding of hazards from chemical plants and lead to special legislation.
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Don't grow a chemical plant in your fridge.
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The latter half of the book should be essential reading for all chemists and engineers working on chemical plants .
pollutant
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The true effect on wild dolphin populations of prolonged exposure to chemical pollutants is hard to measure.
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Compounding scarcity is the growing problem of water degradation caused by saltwater intrusions, chemical pollutants , and human sewage.
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It contains fewer chemical pollutants , which asthmatics are often allergic to, and so helps to prevent asthma attacks.
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Whilst our cities wheeze from the effects of chemical pollutants there is another form of pollution gathering in the atmosphere.
pollution
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However, there is abundant anecdotal evidence of the effects of chemical pollution on the populations of small cetaceans inhabiting industrialised areas.
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For humans, the chemical pollution threatens our fertility, intelligence and our very survival as a species, the environmentalists say.
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Because of chemical pollution of rivers, the cost of producing safe, palatable drinking water has risen dramatically.
process
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All green plants depend on light to power the chemical processes by which they synthesise their body substances from simple elements.
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Throughout their monthlong stay, they relied or mechanical and chemical processes to recycle their air and water.
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Such a situation does often arise, for example in the feedback control of a chemical process .
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It was a remarkable discovery, a previously unknown chemical process that Knittle had stumbled on to.
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Clearly, there is need for more detailed work on thermodynamic and chemical processes in small gasifiers.
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Their goal is to recycle all air, water and solid wastes using mechanical and chemical processes as well as plants.
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Cold inhibits or prevents plant growth and slows down chemical processes in soils, prolonging the period of maturation.
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The relative abundance of these elements is increasingly being used to trace chemical processes in the mantle, crust, and oceans.
product
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Small quantities of chemical products and consumer goods are exported to neighbouring Arab countries.
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South Coast processes and stores oil and chemical products .
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Handling chemical products of high quality is not easy.
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While there are relatively few chemicals usable for cleaning and disinfection there are many, probably thousands, of chemical products .
▪
This may include labour and power as well as chemical products and equipment with separate metering of electricity and gas supplies.
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The inflammatory cell infiltrate and its chemical products may influence intestinal permeability in various ways.
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Which parts, for instance, of a car, a television, a house, are based on chemical products ?
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They are used to produce 90 percent of all chemical products at some stage in their manufacture.
property
▪
It briefly describes the origins, uses and importance of these elements before considering the factors underlying their chemical properties .
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It is easier to observe and measure electrical activity than it is to understand the chemical properties .
reaction
▪
Applications here focus on using gigabit networks to combine the processing power of multiple supercomputers for climate and chemical reaction modeling.
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At one time it was thought that all chemical reactions were exothermic.
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Commercially pure ethanol is produced using a variety of chemical reactions to eliminate the water.
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The movement of trace-elements through the environment A large number of chemical reactions take place when trace metals move through the environment.
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That released the firing pin, which in turn fired the percussion cap and triggered a chemical reaction that generated oxygen.
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The rates of chemical reactions are dealt with in detail in chapter 9.
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Thus chemical reactions occur in the vapor phase.
sensitivity
▪
It could be that some underlying defect opens the way to both candidiasis and chemical sensitivity .
▪
This has led some doctors to dismiss the whole idea of chemical sensitivity and claim that all such patients are hyperventilating.
▪
This suggests that there is some other deficiency as well in those with chemical sensitivity - perhaps a defect in another enzyme.
▪
This explanation also fails to explain the observed link with chemical sensitivity .
▪
At present, there is no good explanation for the link between candidiasis, food intolerance and chemical sensitivity .
▪
So it seems unlikely that chemical sensitivity is allergic in origin.
signal
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Such chemical signals would have been the forerunner of modern-day hormones.
▪
The chemical signal can be recognized by other defensive organisms in our bodies.
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But the speed of transmission is high for the transport of a chemical signal in the phloem.
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To cross this gap, an action potential must be converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal.
▪
Perhaps a chemical signal is passed between the cells, providing another cue that the correct spot had been reached.
structure
▪
During this period she published no fewer than ten books and articles in her field-the relationship between chemical structure and carcinogenicity.
▪
No scientific lecture is ever given without slides or other visual aids, especially if chemical structures are to be shown.
▪
The latter are particularly helpful since cholesterol becomes harmful when its chemical structure is changed through oxidisation.
▪
In spite of the fascinating biological response, the ultimate chemical structure had turned out to be remarkably uncomplicated.
▪
They have been applied to evolving software, hardware designs, chemical structures , music, pictures and video.
▪
Of particular interest are genes that reduce the amount of a substance called lignin, or that weaken lignin's chemical structure .
▪
Its chemical structure , for example, indicated that it should be a good electrical insulator.
▪
Figure 1 shows the chemical structures of PABA-UDCA disulphate and PABA-UDCA.
substance
▪
This symposium will address the question of effects of chemical substances on reproductive systems to both females and males.
▪
She took him to a place called the Loneliness Bar, where the hostesses wore swimsuits treated with a chemical substance .
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The naming or nomenclature of chemical substances falls broadly into two categories: inorganic nomenclature and organic nomenclature.
▪
Women Inventors All matter is composed of chemical substances .
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The latest system lists over 68000 chemical substances , their hazards and remedial actions.
▪
Some chemical substances have the potential to crystallize in two alternative ways.
▪
Mixtures All chemical substances , whether elements, compounds or mixtures, are made up of three types of particles.
treatment
▪
Any chemical treatment will leave hair less resilient than before and it should be treated with care accordingly.
▪
Some chemical treatments can affect foam media, but a filter pad is immune.
▪
Hunter, one can assume, would have advocated chemical treatment of the entire body.
▪
Princes Metal An alloy of copper and zinc, which after chemical treatment and burnishing, has a gilt-like appearance.
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As with any chemical treatment , colour can cause hair to become dry and prone to splitting, especially on the ends.
▪
There is no chemical treatment , but it might be operable.
warfare
▪
Unlike snakes, lizards have not specialised in chemical warfare .
▪
It was during the episode of Supersense on chemical warfare and trap strategy.
▪
The Soviet Union's response has been a relentless increase in its chemical warfare capability.
▪
The only other type of mammal to employ chemical warfare is the duck-billed platypus.
▪
There was also the threat of chemical warfare .
▪
But the war was over, and the pressure to investigate chemical warfare agents disappeared.
▪
The outbreak of a new war made defence against chemical warfare agents once again an urgent problem.
waste
▪
In the North Sea, Greenpeace swimmers turned back dump ships carrying chemical wastes .
weapon
▪
When the toad is attacked, this chemical weapon oozes out as a thick, creamy liquid.
▪
More than a score of nations now seeks or possesses chemical weapons .
▪
My relatives and friends lived in fear of nuclear attack or bombardment by chemical weapons .
▪
Resolution 44/115 on chemical weapons was adopted without a vote.
▪
Worldwide availability of chemical weapons will be higher, and we will know less about other countries' chemical activities.
▪
One application for the X-ray destruction method could be in the politically sensitive area of destroying chemical weapons .
▪
Next week he will appeal to the Senate to ratify a global treaty to ban chemical weapons .
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪
chemical engineering
▪
a chemical analysis of the skeletons
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪
For example, the natural arrangement of the chemical elements in Mendeleyev's periodic table has groups of traits reappearing cyclically.
▪
In Zurich, stocks eased, led down by the chemical sector.
▪
Rather, it was based on the fact that chemical weapons are not useful for us.
▪
Samples of rock from them have provided researchers with most of their knowledge of the chemical makeup of the mantle.
▪
The hon. Member for Londonderry, East asked about emissions from the chemical incinerator at the Coalite works.
▪
The quick way is not to use any artificial fertilisers, chemical sprays or dusts.
▪
Traditionally, the rare earths have been used as catalysts in the chemical industry and in flints for cigarette lighters.