CRIMINAL


Meaning of CRIMINAL in English

I. adjective

COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES

a criminal case

It was the longest and most expensive criminal case in US history.

a criminal conspiracy

His crimes were illegal possession of arms and criminal conspiracy.

a criminal conviction

Jason already had a criminal conviction for theft.

a criminal court (= for cases about crime )

Two French magistrates ruled that he should stand trial in a criminal court.

a criminal gang

He had links with drug smuggling and criminal gangs.

a criminal lawyer

She is one of the country’s leading criminal lawyers.

a criminal offence

It is a criminal offence to sell alcohol to someone under the age of 18.

(a) criminal prosecution

Failure to hand over the documents could result in criminal prosecution.

a criminal trial (= for cases involving a crime )

In a criminal trial, guilt has to be proven beyond reasonable doubt.

a criminal/illegal/unlawful act

Starting the fire was a highly irresponsible criminal act.

a penal/criminal code (= relating to the punishment of criminals )

At that time the penal code allowed the death penalty.

a war criminal (= someone who behaves very cruelly in a war, in a way that is against international law )

the arrest of two suspected Nazi war criminals

criminal behaviour

There are many theories as to what causes criminal behaviour.

criminal charges

The investigation resulted in criminal charges against three police officers.

criminal conduct

In some cases of bullying, pupils may be guilty of criminal conduct.

criminal damage (= caused by someone committing a crime )

The boy was charged with criminal damage after setting fire to his girlfriend’s house.

criminal investigation

a criminal investigation

criminal justice system

a book on the criminal justice system

criminal law (= laws concerning crimes )

Criminal law contains definitions of such crimes as murder, rape, and robbery.

criminal law

There was not enough evidence to bring a prosecution under criminal law.

criminal liability (= responsiblity for injury or damage covered by criminal law )

A child under the age of ten cannot face criminal liability for its acts.

criminal proceedings

One of the businessmen is facing criminal proceedings.

criminal record

He already had a criminal record .

criminal tendencies

How should we deal with young people who have criminal tendencies?

criminal/illegal activity

The bar was being used for illegal activities.

habitual criminal/offender/felon etc

had a criminal record

He already had a criminal record .

COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS

■ ADVERB

as

Cicourel suggests that certain groups are selected, processed and labelled as criminal .

Even countries with broadly similar cultures can differ in what they define as criminal .

One important issue we have not considered is what happens to the individual once he or she is labelled as criminal .

Unlike most societies, the social profile of persons treated as criminal was not weighted towards the poor and otherwise disadvantaged.

Interactionism stresses the arbitrariness of this labelling of some one, or of some action, as criminal .

Faults which we might see as trivial would create the same scandal and outrage as criminal behaviour does in our society.

They reflect the fact that some groups in society can create laws, and can determine what behaviour is seen as criminal .

Of course, self-report studies have limitations, just as criminal statistics do.

■ NOUN

act

They chose to attract public attention and demonstrate contradictions in justice and the law by criminal acts .

I am ashamed to think that you believe me capable of such a shameful and criminal act .

A further difficulty is the impossibility of including all criminal acts in a questionnaire or interview.

The show uses video surveillance footage, interviews and re-enactments to focus on lamebrain criminal acts .

Which means that you witnessed a criminal act however willing she was.

The studies are being carried out with reference to explanations for criminal acts and educational outcomes and are being explored in an inter-group context.

Nevertheless, they do occur and occasional assaults and other criminal acts are committed.

The prosecution said the demonstrators had committed a criminal act .

action

They had no powers in relation to criminal actions against the police and no powers of investigation.

Mr Caserta, who left Spectrum in 1994, is already the subject of a similar criminal action brought by federal prosecutors.

Many criminal actions appear to offer little threat to the capitalist class system.

What Clark needed was a criminal action .

The advantages of the postclassical approach apply wherever the motivations towards particular criminal actions are vastly more prevalent than the actions.

Section 1 gives absolute protection against any civil or criminal action to anyone publishing papers printed by order of Parliament.

The civil and criminal actions are inextricably entwined.

Guppy later told him to close the account because of worries about possible criminal action .

activity

It is the criminal activity surrounding the supply of illegal drugs that we should really worry about.

On the one hand, people in communities hard hit by criminal activity need to be protected.

Nor was he investigated on suspicion of criminal activity .

Thus recorded crime can only be seen as an indication of criminal activity .

These are corporations deliberately set up, taken over, or controlled for the explicit and sole purpose of executing criminal activity .

There may, for example, be changes in public opinion towards the police and the reporting of criminal activity .

Thomas had a mission, to destroy the missile and prevent the shapechanger from carrying out his criminal activities .

Older people spend less time out of the house, on the street where the bulk of criminal activity occurs.

acts

They chose to attract public attention and demonstrate contradictions in justice and the law by criminal acts .

The show uses video surveillance footage, interviews and re-enactments to focus on lamebrain criminal acts .

A further difficulty is the impossibility of including all criminal acts in a questionnaire or interview.

The studies are being carried out with reference to explanations for criminal acts and educational outcomes and are being explored in an inter-group context.

Nevertheless, they do occur and occasional assaults and other criminal acts are committed.

His views were dismissed by the government, which portrayed the riots as merely criminal acts .

behaviour

Thus, some policemen are urged by their tough-minded colleagues to treat marginal incidents as criminal behaviour and are encouraged into action.

He maintains that there is a link between characteristics such as extroversion and criminal behaviour .

Eysenck then argues that extroversion is the inherited basis of criminal behaviour .

Most laws against corporate criminal behaviour require that intention be proved before guilt can be established.

These involved marital, loss or separation, social relations or isolation, and criminal behaviour problems.

While such notions may all contains some elements of truth, they are by no means complete explanations of criminal behaviour .

Then, once located, the subjects have to be convinced that they can safely discuss their criminal behaviour .

Merton's model or theory does not adequately explain all types of criminal behaviour .

case

A criminal case that resulted in four convictions at London's Southwark Crown Court last month illustrates why this reputation survives.

Yet even in the criminal case , modern juries are placed under the severest restraints by judges.

Ninety-eight percent of all criminal cases are heard in the latter courts.

But a judge dismissed the criminal case a few months later, because the statute of limitations had expired.

The criminal case against Mr Sole is still pending.

He did not testify in the criminal case .

An appeal to Athens against capital sentences in criminal cases was also imposed in some treaties.

Most criminal cases are therefore settled without trial by the process of plea bargaining between the prosecutor and the defense attorney.

charge

This publication contained detailed descriptions of persons who failed to appear at court to answer a criminal charge .

Ultimately, no criminal charges were ever filed against Gospel Missions or any of its officials.

He may now face the criminal charge of assault.

Gillece said he did not know whether the state will pursue criminal charges against Bailey.

If accepted by the jury, the allegations could lead to the first criminal charges against the industry relating to smuggling.

David Holton and Hughes already have entered into an agreement with the local state attorney to settle criminal charges .

During his detention, 153 criminal charges were brought against him.

The reason, several people said, is that nobody saw a political benefit in further pursuit of criminal charges against Clinton.

conviction

Some of the doormen had criminal convictions and a history of violence.

Thirty-five criminal convictions and 18 civil judgments have been obtained since March 1995, and many more are expected.

The result: 11 criminal convictions .

For that $ 110 million, the taxpayers have gotten little in return in terms of lasting criminal convictions .

Last year, 114 cases with 236 victims and more than $ 18 million in estimated rip-offs led to 11 criminal convictions .

Another was Lloyd Carlo Douglas, whom prosecutors allowed to falsely testify that he had no criminal convictions .

court

The functions of the judge were curtailed and his quasi-criminal jurisdiction transferred to a criminal court .

I organized political protests, but also got two appointments from federal criminal courts .

Thus he may decide that although the investigation discloses a criminal offence, no action should be taken in the criminal courts .

Since then, Pepper has focused his efforts on gaining a trial in criminal court .

Here are some of the most recent criminal court cases.

The answer is that a few big city criminal courts did become clogged with drug cases in the seventies and eighties.

A criminal court which admitted such a defence would never hear the end of it.

The dock of a criminal court was a long way from the line ups Guppy is used to.

damage

The 31-year-old man, suspected of causing criminal damage , had been arrested at Sheerness, Kent.

One might well ask how important the element of criminal damage is to the rationale of the aggravated offence.

The official was convicted of criminal damage for ramming the craft with a motorboat, then whacking it with a shovel.

He's admitted shoplifting, theft and criminal damage but denies two alleged assaults on police.

I was in a bad way at that time, I felt really depressed, so I went round causing criminal damage .

Are the miscreants aware that they are guilty of trespass and criminal damage ?

gang

The island is also the traditional recruiting ground for criminal gangs along the Riviera.

Behind the glitzy shopping arcades, ethnic criminal gangs fight for territory.

Interestingly neither of these two people were sociologists, though sociologists have carried out participant studies amongst homosexuals and criminal gangs .

Mr Samra said both men were wanted for involvement with criminal gangs in Bombay.

The police have also taken on the football hooligans, the hippies, and the criminal gangs .

The reason for the affray is unclear, though a police spokesman played down any suggestion of feuding between criminal gangs .

Like all criminal gangs , Famlio specializes in profiting from human weaknesses such as pleasure, greed and fear.

history

The court should have regard to the gravity of the offences under consideration and the offender's criminal history .

Knight has a lengthy criminal history and is currently being detained in a California prison.

At Stanford on Wednesday, a few scouts said they expected certain teams to look past Phillips' criminal history .

His criminal history was unknown to the Kanka family.

investigation

Harlequin has a range of tailored data presentation applications such as Watson - for criminal investigations - and a crew rostering system.

If witnesses and suspects are interviewed by state workers and evidence is handled, a criminal investigation would be hampered.

There are also indications that the current criminal investigation into Barlow Clowes may prevent the most sensitive parts from being released.

Mirretti had pleaded guilty to fraud, bribery, theft and conspiracy to obstruct a criminal investigation .

This was counter-productive in alienating those sectors of the community whose co-operation was essential to criminal investigation .

The failure to order a criminal investigation drew immediate criticism from several policyholders' lawyers.

It is true that warrants to the police in criminal investigations may be renewed only for one month.

At first he was told that he was not the target of a criminal investigation .

justice

Read in studio A senior police officer has criticised the way the criminal justice system handles young offenders.

Violanti, a former state trooper, is a professor of criminal justice at Rochester Institute of Technology.

Why is there no such urgency about demonstrable, multiplying failures in the criminal justice system?

Several factors are involved in the process of black youth through the criminal justice system.

Lemert's concept of secondary deviance perhaps represented the most thorough resurrection of the criminological concern with the criminal justice system.

One could not maintain the criminal justice system otherwise.

His court was not only one of civil law but dealt sometimes with criminal justice .

law

However, the criminal law is not fixed and static, it varies over time and from area to area.

If a teacher is charged with a violation of a criminal law , he or she will also need a lawyer.

Those offences which are considered are those most likely to be reviewed on a criminal law course.

None of the committee members in these crucial years specialized in criminal law or family law.

Juxtaposing criminal law and legal theory offers a number of intellectual enquiries.

In criminal law , heat of passion refers to a violent and uncontrollable rage.

It was argued in Chapter 2 that the criminal law ought to spread its net wider where the potential harm is greater.

As a starting point, crime is defined as actions which are contrary to criminal law .

lawyer

They are intimidating towards criminal lawyers .

Tom Nash was a ward leader and a prosperous criminal lawyer who defended Capone and other gangsters.

The scheme certainly helped me right at the beginning when I was starting up as a criminal lawyer .

L., or Abraham L., when he was a young criminal lawyer and a state senator.

Particularly challenging to the criminal lawyer is the role played by consent in the medical-legal context.

Consequently the complete criminal lawyer is no narrow expositor of black-letter legal rules and exhaustive conceptual analyses.

Like did she know a good criminal lawyer .

liability

The question of criminal liability can not be relegated to a matter of medical consensus.

The expressed intent of immunity legislation is to encourage reporting without fear of civil or criminal liability .

Statutes of 1859,1871 and 1875 were designed to relieve trade unions of criminal liability , especially for conspiracy.

One reason for this may be a desire to protect from criminal liability men whose conduct is not universally regarded as criminal.

Both civil and criminal liability are incurred by the corrupt giving or receiving of such commission.

So, keep detailed records of drivers of all company vehicles: otherwise this personal criminal liability may arise.

If a hotel receptionist double-books a room does this give rise to criminal liability ?

Meeting the minimum requirements of safety legislation or standards is a complete defence to criminal liability .

matter

Its extraordinary jurisdiction in civil matters was compared with the extraordinary jurisdiction of the now defunct Star Chamber in criminal matters.

We will only use the evidence in relation to criminal matters .

Conveyancing, divorce, probate and criminal matters concerning adults were all in this category.

Not every person who presents himself as the duty solicitor is competent to handle criminal matters .

negligence

Quicksons has since been cleared of criminal negligence , but the Masons are determined that Ryan is compensated for his injuries.

The accused, however, remains charged with criminal negligence causing bodily harm and the trial continues.

Pilot William Stewart was later fined £2,000 for criminal negligence .

offence

Eviction without a court order is a criminal offence .

Also, falsely describing goods can amount to a criminal offence under the Trades Description Act 1968.

It's not a criminal offence , is it, sending information to the police?

Failure to comply with this requirement is also a criminal offence .

Contravention of one of these orders is a criminal offence of the same type as those in the Trade Descriptions Act.

He warned Evans that they were both guilty of a criminal offence , and advised him to leave London.

Walking on a footpath has become a criminal offence , with fines of up to £5,000.

That is a statutory offence or, more bluntly put, a criminal offence.

offences

It was alleged that police officers over- reacted or committed breaches of discipline and even criminal offences .

Much depends on the social function of labelling criminal offences , and on the particular labels chosen.

There followed a succession of minor criminal offences , mostly against youngsters with whom he shared lodgings.

Will people admit to having committed criminal offences , even if they are guaranteed confidentiality?

Only those convicted of criminal offences and President Ibrahim Babangida himself remain banned from standing in the elections.

He says success is judged on the number of people we manage to charge with criminal offences .

Usually this didn't matter because the Parquet confined itself to criminal offences and there was no religious dimension involved.

It seems that the procedure, just outlined, for the creation of new criminal offences has fallen into disuse.

penalty

Remedies for infringement are as for copyright but there are no criminal penalties for secondary infringements.

It also would increase criminal penalties for possession of methamphetamine-related chemicals or equipment with the intent to manufacture the drug.

However it only makes provision for criminal penalties , and not civil remedies.

The criminal penalties are also severe.

The enforcement method for the regulations was a criminal penalty .

He also proposes to toughen civil and criminal penalties for willful child labor violations.

There are criminal penalties , including fines and imprisonment, for violations.

It is arguable that the opportunity should have been taken to deal with this matter by way of criminal penalties .

procedure

What it would require is a reassessment of certain aspects of our criminal procedure .

The police did not only employ the law of criminal procedure in their tactical battle against the striking miners.

On August 13 parliament passed an amendment to the code of criminal procedure restricting the rights of those remanded in custody.

Beccaria's blueprint called for clarity in the law and due process in criminal procedure combined with certainty and regularity of punishment.

Legislation was passed on tax, foreign investment, criminal procedure , maritime law and trade unions.

proceeding

There is no statutory limitation period for criminal proceedings such as those in the instant case.

Such cases could be met by adopting for civil cases a procedure similar to the Attorney-General's reference in criminal proceedings .

However it is quite proper to reject a request if the evidence is really being sought with a view to its use in criminal proceedings .

Supervision orders, but not care orders, may also be made in criminal proceedings and are then subject to different legal requirements.

However, with certain crimes, an affected member of the public may commence criminal proceedings .

He further held that in any event the public interest did not require the institution of criminal proceedings .

Dorset Police said its investigation into the tragedy would look at whether there were any grounds for criminal proceedings .

He becomes the subject of criminal proceedings .

prosecution

And, apart from extradition, States were unwilling for the most part to contemplate co-operation in criminal prosecutions .

Without access to specific facts a criminal prosecution may be totally frustrated.

This leaves criminal prosecution as the only viable option.

However, there are no reported cases of a criminal prosecution for failure to report a case of child abuse or neglect.

The fact that a parent is at risk of criminal prosecution for an offence against the child will not justify exclusion.

The President asked for opinions as to the likelihood of criminal prosecution of Poindexter and North.

Six parliamentary deputies faced criminal prosecution once their parliamentary immunity had been removed.

The couple held hands, the hearing officer remembered, and seemed intent on resolving the issue short of a criminal prosecution .

record

Have their parents got any sort of criminal record ?

McWilliams said a background check would have revealed little because the man had no criminal record .

Had William Day, a man with a long criminal record , just happened along inadvertently?

He has an extensive criminal record .

The jury were entitled to know the witness's criminal record .

The papers seemed to be more interested in trying to find out if I had a criminal record .

It is obviously important to know whether the car has been stolen or whether the driver has a criminal record .

Police said he had a history of mental illness and a criminal record that they would not disclose last night.

statistics

To answer these questions people invariably turn to the official criminal statistics which are collected and published by the Home Office.

One traditionally impoverished group - women - have become more represented in this offence than elsewhere in criminal statistics .

It is a liberal questioning of criminal statistics collected and collated by the police themselves.

The rest of the extract then examines how changes in the style of policing and law enforcement affect criminal statistics .

But it finds agreement with more sober, weighty judgements on the period provided by various studies of the official criminal statistics .

The official criminal statistics present a picture of crime as being predominantly a working-class phenomenon.

Secondly, and linked with this point, criminal statistics reflect the intensity of law enforcement itself.

tendency

Learning theories have been much more important in positivist theorising about the acquisition of criminal tendencies .

trial

The criminal trial system would be placed in jeopardy.

Charges against Louima were later dropped, and he testified about his ordeal in three criminal trials .

The extradition will add a further complication to the Guinness criminal trial .

He was judged innocent in his criminal trial .

It is well established that the judge in a criminal trial has power to call a witness.

That statement contradicts testimony at his criminal trial .

Apparently, they learned a lesson from the O. J. Simpson criminal trial by avoiding boring and time-consuming chronological presentations.

But what his involvement in a criminal trial of political and business associates says to the electorate at large is another matter.

PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES

aggressive/suicidal/criminal/artistic etc tendencies

In Phoenix any aggressive tendencies were dampened by the location of these agencies within a government structure that frowned on federal aid.

Its sedative effects were valued, but sometimes progressed to pathological depression with suicidal tendencies , so its use was limited.

Learning theories have been much more important in positivist theorising about the acquisition of criminal tendencies .

Most probably, if had not been articulated in times of war these artistic tendencies would have simply been considered marginal.

The Asiaticus does not appear to have any aggressive tendencies and appears to be equally active during the day and night.

The rumbling row with the unions over ending the block vote is a classic example of its suicidal tendencies .

Through a series of flashbacks, Judith's past is gradually explored, and you begin to take her suicidal tendencies seriously.

the teaching/scientific/criminal etc fraternity

EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES

Cruelty to animals is a criminal offence.

Gleason denied any involvement in criminal activity and was released.

Having such beautiful paintings and not letting the public see them is a criminal waste of the nation's art treasures.

I think keeping animals locked up in cages is criminal .

It's criminal to charge so much for popcorn at the movies!

It was estimated that Walker had made around £100, 000 from his criminal activities.

Lawyers are not allowed to comment on current criminal cases.

the criminal justice system

EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS

After she sued, Harvard said it would file criminal trespass charges against Garzilli if she sets foot in the department.

Call has an interesting vision of the possibilities of criminal justice.

I organized political protests, but also got two appointments from federal criminal courts.

In Britain today we have different criminal laws and hence a different range of crime from those which once existed.

The criminal case against Mr Sole is still pending.

The reason, several people said, is that nobody saw a political benefit in further pursuit of criminal charges against Clinton.

Unlike applications for interception in other criminal cases there was no procedure for judicial authorization in the case of security applications.

II. noun

COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS

■ ADJECTIVE

convicted

In some cases homes were being run by convicted criminals .

Punishment of convicted war criminals is also problematic.

Many convicted white-collar criminals , being more literate, are more likely to write and sell their stories.

petty

Before they met me, Steve and Paul were just petty criminals , didn't know nothing about nothing.

Amongst them were pickpockets, alcoholics, pimps, drug peddlers and other petty criminals .

Over the years several have been the victim of petty criminals .

violent

This is the big stick treatment for violent criminals which is traditionally associated with an extreme Right-wing attitude.

President Clinton signed a law last year that requires states to make information on sexually violent criminals available to the public.

young

New secure units to hold hardened young criminals would stop bail bandits in their tracks.

That is worrying enough, but we are talking about a category of young criminals up to the age of 21.

■ VERB

catch

I also asked whether he would be giving his information to the police so that they could catch the criminals .

punish

But it's the right that has led this bitter crusade to doubly punish criminals .

When we fail to justly punish the criminal , the community sees justice aborted.

PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES

aggressive/suicidal/criminal/artistic etc tendencies

In Phoenix any aggressive tendencies were dampened by the location of these agencies within a government structure that frowned on federal aid.

Its sedative effects were valued, but sometimes progressed to pathological depression with suicidal tendencies , so its use was limited.

Learning theories have been much more important in positivist theorising about the acquisition of criminal tendencies .

Most probably, if had not been articulated in times of war these artistic tendencies would have simply been considered marginal.

The Asiaticus does not appear to have any aggressive tendencies and appears to be equally active during the day and night.

The rumbling row with the unions over ending the block vote is a classic example of its suicidal tendencies .

Through a series of flashbacks, Judith's past is gradually explored, and you begin to take her suicidal tendencies seriously.

hardened criminal/police officer etc

petty criminal/thief etc

Amongst them were pickpockets, alcoholics, pimps, drug peddlers and other petty criminals.

Before they met me, Steve and Paul were just petty criminals, didn't know nothing about nothing.

Habitual petty thieves and drug addicts dumped on top of their already bulging caseload become their newest clients.

Most burglaries are the work of petty thieves on the look our for an easy opportunity.

Over the years several have been the victim of petty criminals.

The Home Secretary was not about to be seen as going soft on the petty criminal.

the teaching/scientific/criminal etc fraternity

EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES

Grimes is considered to be one of the most dangerous criminals in the US.

Sending children to adult prisons just means they learn to be 'better' criminals from the adult inmates.

The British government maintains that Donavan is a common criminal who should be brought to justice.

EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS

Besides, a successful professional criminal with a Legal Aid lawyer is like a billionaire collecting Social Security.

He had never been inside a police station, had never met a private detective, had never spoken to a criminal .

If the police arm themselves, the criminals will stay a step ahead by obtaining bigger and better weapons.

It is alleged that criminals have targeted the smaller, idyllic islands.

They liked him when he was disgusting and filthy and a criminal , and he acted it up.

Unfortunately the innocents get hurt, never the criminals behind the scenes.

Longman DOCE5 Extras English vocabulary.      Дополнительный английский словарь Longman DOCE5.