noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
deleterious
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Now, suppose that deleterious mutations reduce survival below this optimal value.
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Senescence of clones is probably caused by the accumulation of deleterious mutations .
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Furthermore, the total rate of production of deleterious mutations and their pattern of age-specificity are unknown.
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Suppose now that deleterious mutations are age-specific.
different
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Andean vultures become avid for the life-giving molecule with quite a different set of mutations .
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Over 40 different mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene have been identified.
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Ironically, a similar belief prevails today, in a slightly different mutation .
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This is a worthwhile approach, though one should bear in mind that different mutagens give qualitatively different kinds of mutation .
genetic
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Fears that radiotherapy would cause genetic mutations leading to handicaps in offspring appear to be groundless, according to studies among 3,000 survivors.
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But in the 1980s, scientists found that a genetic mutation was responsible.
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Variations occur within a population, explicable as genetic mutations or the results of mixing of genetic material.
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On the other hand, most cases of the disease seem to develop without genetic mutations , Gibbs said.
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With enough genetic mutations at hand, the behaviour could perhaps have evolved independently in each species.
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Some people may have a predisposition to the genetic mutations that lead to disease.
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Evolution requires genetic change, mutation .
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Trichloroethene, a probable human carcinogen, can cause liver damage and genetic mutations in both human and animal populations.
new
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Long-inbred populations might be useful for assessing the effects of new mutations .
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It is people like Dawkins who are the new genetic mutations which will spread only if they have superior survival value.
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In outbred populations, selection acts on new mutations mainly through their heterozygous effects.
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It presses new mutations into service as they arise and is just as ready to make do with what is already around.
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When necessary, bacteria cheat to ensure a supply of new mutations .
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To begin with, this was the only such pattern in existence, but then a new mutation arose.
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Whether his fainting goats were a new mutation or part of an older breed remains unclear.
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In splurge-weed, the new mutation can arise in any cell, in any branch of the plant.
random
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When they seemed to resemble each other rather too closely, he introduced random mutations in the offspring.
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The genes that cause the elaborate ornament or long tail to appear are subject to random mutation .
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Our random mutation is essential because it is unnecessary.
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The more elaborate the ornament, the more likely that a random mutation will make the ornament less elaborate, not more.
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We want them to emerge solely as a result of cumulative selection of random mutations .
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It follows that some process other than random mutation and selection must be involved.
■ NOUN
gene
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K-ras gene mutations , by contrast with p53, clearly occur at an earlier stage in the neoplastic sequence.
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Other workers have found ras gene mutations in between 39% and 47% of colorectal cancers.
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Enough premalignant cells are present in the bulk of stool to permit the analysis of tumour suppressor gene mutations by this technique.
point
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Loss of tumour suppressor function requires inactivation of both alleles, usually by chromosomal deletion or point mutation , or both.
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The use of immunohistochemical staining as a marker of point mutation has been critically reviewed by Wyndord-Thomas.
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Nineth five percent of large bowel cancers showing loss of heterozygosity for 17p alleles also contain a point mutation .
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Thus, both of the point mutations characterized here would be expected to eliminate kinase activity of the proposed atk protein product.
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Apart from point mutation , another way in which oncogenes can be activated is by over expression.
rate
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If mutagens like cosmic rays are present then all normal mutation rates are boosted.
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It strives for a mutation rate of zero.
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For the last 20 years researchers have been able to calculate genome sizes and mutation rates .
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By far the shakiest part of the calculation is the average mutation rate .
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Moreover, mutation rates seem to change with the physiological state of the organism.
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Yes, this is the inverse of what is known as the mutation rate , and it can be measured.
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That is, the rate of substitution equals the neutral mutation rate.
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They are free to evolve at the mutation rate .
■ VERB
cause
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Fears that radiotherapy would cause genetic mutations leading to handicaps in offspring appear to be groundless, according to studies among 3,000 survivors.
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Tests have shown them to restrict growth and cause mutations in micro-organisms.
contain
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Each digestion included a positive colorectal carcinoma or adenoma control known to contain a mutation at codon 12.
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Nineth five percent of large bowel cancers showing loss of heterozygosity for 17p alleles also contain a point mutation .
find
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Other workers have found ras gene mutations in between 39% and 47% of colorectal cancers.
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But in the 1980s, scientists found that a genetic mutation was responsible.
show
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If this shows a lethal mutation it is classified as a presumed mammalian mutagen.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
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A minor mutation should be deemed an eccentricity and nothing more.
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A second bug experienced a mutation that allowed it to make use of the acetate excreted from the first.
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By far the shakiest part of the calculation is the average mutation rate.
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For the last 20 years researchers have been able to calculate genome sizes and mutation rates.
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If mutagens like cosmic rays are present then all normal mutation rates are boosted.
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Living organisms have a similar tradeoff in deciding how much mutation and innovation is needed to keep up with a changing environment.
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Previously, disease-causing mutations have been linked to rare or incurable disorders, providing often debatable benefits to small numbers of people.
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The other mode depends on occasional small mutations, like the changes in the parameters of protozoa.