I. verb
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a reform programme
▪
After the elections, they embarked on an ambitious reform programme.
call for reform
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The Church has called for reform of the law.
constitutional reform/change/amendment
▪
a proposal for constitutional reform
economic reform (= a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it )
▪
The government agreed to a programme of economic reform.
education reform (= changes that a government makes to the education system in a country )
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the government’s programme of education reform
electoral reform
▪
a campaign for electoral reform
far-reaching reforms/proposals/changes
▪
The country carried out far-reaching reforms to modernize its economy.
land reform
modernize/reform a system
▪
We need to reform the electoral system.
radical reform (= big changes to a system or organization in order to improve it )
▪
He said the institution was in need of radical reform.
reform school
▪
If you’re not careful, you’ll end up in reform school.
sweeping changes/cuts/reforms etc
▪
They want to make sweeping changes to education policies.
the pace of reform
▪
Some senior party figures favor a slower pace of reform.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ NOUN
economy
▪
The failure of the ruling Socialist Party to reform the economy has plunged the country into disaster.
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As for reforming and rebuilding the economy , Hashimoto divided the remaining five years this century into three stages.
law
▪
Bills promoted both by backbenchers and ministers to reform the law have been unsuccessful.
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Kennedy is one of the combatants in the Congressional struggle to reform federal law covering both illegal and legal immigrants.
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The Government brought forward proposals in 1986 to reform the shopping laws , but Parliament was not able to agree a conclusion.
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Congress rarely reforms bad laws by eliminating them.
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For some time we have been promised legislation to reform the laws on friendly societies.
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For more than four years, President Clinton has talked about reforming campaign finance laws .
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There is urgent need to reform the law relating to damages in libel actions.
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We will reform company law to require greater disclosure of information such as expenditure on research and development.
need
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Action was also held back by the need to reform local finance which both Reports recommended.
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He also sees the need to reform the electoral system to clean up the political system.
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Most are agreed on the need to reform the welfare state, but that's unlikely to happen in the forseeable future.
plan
▪
But it was perhaps nothing compared with the hostility he faced over his plans to reform the legal profession.
system
▪
The government had made serious proposals during 1988 about reforming the graduate assignment system because of its glaring inefficiencies.
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We will never reform the justice system until we are prepared to acknowledge its fundamental defects.
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Clinton has responded by stressing his support for reforming the current system .
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Mosley, the rebel with a cause, first tried to reform the system from within during the 1920s.
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So far, Democrats seem satisfied to reform the current system rather than pioneer a new course.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
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Dogs that bite can be reformed with good training.
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Plans to reform the health care system have failed more than once.
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They reformed the voting system, and introduced a secret ballot.
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We are working to reform the nation's prisons.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
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It is tough to reform something that is shapeless and indifferent to improvement, like Jell-O in the hands of a carpenter.
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Parliament will soon be asked to approve measures to reform education, health, the criminal justice system and welfare provision.
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The failure of the ruling Socialist Party to reform the economy has plunged the country into disaster.
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The White Paper marks a step change in our programme for reforming the public sector.
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Those countries that have made most headway in their reforming efforts are simply the precursors of the others.
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Voters also heavily endorsed a clause on the ballot paper calling for the convening of a constituent assembly to reform the Constitution.
II. noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
agrarian
▪
Other studies have showed that profiting from agrarian reform can be combined with a more radical political commitment.
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Those changes were further propelled by agrarian reform laws in the 1960s and 1970s.
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A rapid acceleration took place in the implementation of the agrarian reform .
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The difficulty with many agrarian reform programmes has been achieving both social justice and economic growth.
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The simple proposition behind all agrarian reform was that surplus land should be distributed to surplus labour.
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The agrarian reform units were dismantled, either by returning land to previous owners or distributing it to others.
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In order to achieve these goals, an agrarian reform programme should have three main elements.
constitutional
▪
An attempt to include such a ban sank the last effort at constitutional reform , made by Congress in 1989.
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Berlusconi wants a new broadly supported government to look into constitutional reforms .
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Sri Lanka's president, Chandrika Kumaratunga, has suspended parliament ahead of a referendum this month on constitutional reform .
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Former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi had argued in parliament in favor of a constitutional reform government.
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They might have to tackle constitutional and electoral reform .
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It is his task to try to involve black leaders in negotiations on constitutional reform .
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The widespread demands for constitutional reform and national unification were distorted and deflected rather than answered.
▪
Interest is now focused on how this might manifest itself in the government's promised rethink on constitutional reform .
democratic
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Two aspects of the shift in emphasis accorded to democratic reform need to be distinguished.
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The army, on the other hand, has remained largely neutral in the unprecedented fight to force democratic reform from Milosevic.
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Mr Tung must maintain momentum towards democratic reforms , increasing the number of directly elected representatives in the territory's legislature.
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Igor Rodionov, often described as a hardliner opposed to democratic reform .
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They press for much needed democratic reforms to enable the citizens to participate.
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The Maastricht summit gives us great opportunities for economic, social and democratic reform .
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He stressed that democratic reform could not be achieved overnight but would take time.
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But if there is a democratic vote for reform , the Secretary of State says that that is to be ignored.
economic
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To get that they have to adopt tough economic reforms devised by the Terrible Two.
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Others have taken advantage of economic reforms to demolish their homes and replace them with small hotels that cater to foreign tourists.
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The passage of measures of social and economic reform appeared to be meeting their needs.
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Even the left-wing parties that may yet form the government have a record of economic reform at state level.
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Its success depended upon a major economic reform and was not an alternative to one.
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The urban economic reforms had led to price increases in basic foodstuffs and the introduction of private enterprise in the university canteens.
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This was seen as part of an attempt by the government to widen economic reform to include democratization as well as liberalization.
educational
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The point of our educational reforms is to improve standards.
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He has worked with the heavily Democratic Legislature to pass educational reform .
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To regard them as a formal but irrelevant accoutrement of educational reform would be a severe managerial mistake.
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Californians overwhelmingly favor the educational reforms that the state has embraced over the last few years, according to a new study.
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Mr MacGregor said that he would delay introducing the scheme because of the demands made on teachers by other educational reforms .
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Can class barriers be broken down by educational reform ?
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Annan's activity in promoting widespread educational reform was considerable.
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In the sphere of educational reform the Republican-Socialist alliance moved swiftly.
electoral
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I am disappointed the policy review has adopted such a negative attitude both to a Bill of Rights and electoral reform .
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Mr Hashimoto has played it safe by taking a fuzzy stand on issues such as electoral reforms .
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Under a Labour government, this committee would become an official inquiry into electoral reform .
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Dini also laid out the accomplishments of his term in the areas of electoral reform and cuts in government spending.
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But his proposals for electoral reform , now moving ahead in fits and starts, contain no such provision.
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Yesterday's debate about electoral reform could provide the model.
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Mandelson is probably right when he argues that the sudden salience of electoral reform hurt.
legal
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If heroin use proves relatively harmless to all concerned then we should advocate legal reform and controlled availability.
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Consumer advocate Ralph Nader wrote to me recently to urge I abandon my advocacy of legal reforms .
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Despite some legal reforms important features of women's position remained unchanged.
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Businessbacked legal-reform initiatives have been hurt by the attention the budget has demanded from key committee chairmen.
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Leader comment, page 18 Critics tone down attacks on legal reform plans.
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They are the first tests of legal reforms introduced two months ago to allow judges' secrecy orders to be reviewed.
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The League campaigns for legal reform and provides funds for legal action against trespassing hunts and the purchase of sanctuaries.
major
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If we are to do better than just preserving a few isolated museum forests, then major land reform is essential.
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In the 1964 campaign he ran on a platform promising major social reforms at home and peace abroad.
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In 1983, a major reform programme was launched: the National Education System.
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The result has been that major reforms are completely avoided and every minor reform is weakened or sabotaged.
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This is clearly implicit in the major reforms introduced by President Gorbachev.
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In addition, there have been major reforms in state provisions for pensioners.
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Its success depended upon a major economic reform and was not an alternative to one.
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In a speech on March 30 Hammadi pledged that his government would introduce major democratic reforms .
political
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Maybe he might do the same on political reform .
▪
He does so by means of projects, life plans, theoretical systems, and ideals of political or social reform .
▪
Mr Hunt made a good effort to attract business to the state, but his political reforms floundered.
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Top of the agenda is political reform .
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It fed two contrary impulses, the demand for political and social reform , and the determination to avoid a blood-bath.
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Since December 1989 peaceful demonstrations have taken place in the capital, Ulan Bator, in support of political and economic reforms .
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Alongside demands for political reform were specific complaints about individual miscarriages of justice.
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While major political reforms had been secured, discontent remained among young supporters of the democracy movement.
radical
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Response to this criticism was a spate of reports and committees culminating in radical reform and reorganization of the system.
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It would take radical reform , a revolution, to change matters; but no one dreams of such a thing.
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Examples of radical reform , proposals for it and attempts to obtain it may be drawn from all parts of the globe.
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On the other hand, the argument for gender neutrality is less clear in the context of less radical reform .
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Yet Lang intends to go ahead with radical council reforms which local government does not want.
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The Communists and Socialists wanted a weak Presidency and a strong one-chamber parliament, able to push through radical reforms .
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No radical reform was undertaken of what should be taught, or how what was taught should be valued.
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Kossuth in turn endeavoured to create a much stronger popular nationalist alliance of classes on the basis of radical reforms .
social
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In an age of widespread agitation for social reform , the new concept only emphasised the social divisions.
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Their only saving grace is that they probably were an impetus towards social reform .
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Two of the social security reforms proved to be particularly controversial.
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He does so by means of projects, life plans, theoretical systems, and ideals of political or social reform .
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The Maastricht summit gives us great opportunities for economic, social and democratic reform .
▪
Discuss this view of the origins of the Liberal social reforms 1906-14. 2.
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In his years in Number 10, he showed limited interest in social or institutional reform .
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Their biographies provide us with access to the professional and class alliances which fed into the politics of mid-Victorian social reform .
■ NOUN
bill
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On March 19 it passed a regulatory reform bill , which is intended to lighten the weight of government on small businesses.
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He and the Democrats will get well, or try to, by clamoring for passage of the reform bill .
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The question is not whether a reform bill will pass but how strong it will be.
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In 1832 the first parliamentary reform bill was passed and Dundee was one of the new constituencies created by the Act.
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House Republicans are searching for a way to force Clinton to sign a welfare reform bill .
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On Aug. 10 the Chamber of Deputies approved a state reform bill on privatization.
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For example, the House leadership may put the Senate welfare reform bill up for a vote.
education
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I am sure also that, in the light of our education reforms , most children will eventually be able to do that calculation.
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Workshops on desegregation, education reform , military discrimination and rap music were packed, and discussion was lively.
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Governors are given a crucial role in the thrust of education reforms , but who has the time?
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But late that year, Governor Perpich decided he needed an education reform agenda.
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Examples include compulsory competitive tendering, the community charge, education reform , and community care.
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Several dimensions of reality, however, are generally omitted from most discussions of education reform .
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The exodus comes as governors acquire legal responsibilities for the running of schools as a result of the Government's education reforms .
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The parents are the problem, some members said, echoing the education reform movement of the moment in this country.
land
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And the land reform bypassed this problem altogether.
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The Communists have never published an official count of those killed in the land reform , but thousands died.
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Some land reforms have embraced soil conservation as a sine qua non of long term productivity gains by land reform beneficiaries.
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There was talk of land reform and demonstrations by peasants.
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One of the main aims of land reforms is increased food security; this often occurs, and is crucial for all.
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The agreement bound the country to a programme of land reform whose implementation would have cost billions of dollars.
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Fforde also establishes an important point by underlining the importance of land reform to late Victorian and Edwardian debates.
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In this part I find that land reform is at least not detrimental to production.
law
▪
A number of important social reforms have resulted from ballot bills such as abortion and divorce law reform.
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Before that law reform had been handled sporadically.
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His case has been taken up by Justice, the all- party law reform group.
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Gardiner's abiding interest in law reform changed the picture dramatically.
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The law reform parts of the Act were opportune and important.
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It seems that every few decades in this country we have a major battle over divorce law reform .
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Specifically a judge is chairman of the Law Commission which is the permanent body concerned with law reform .
legislation
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A number of members of Congress have begun talking about Social Security and introducing reform legislation .
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Clinton already has vetoed Republican-drafted welfare reform legislation twice.
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If the bill fails, it would be the fifth defeat in a decade for campaign finance reform legislation .
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In 1992, Dole voted against campaign finance reform legislation that passed Congress but that was vetoed by President Bush.
movement
▪
This is not the end of the reform movement , because it depends on society.
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My heart belongs to the reform movement .
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Ste Barbe's episcopal acta confirm his sympathy for the ethos of the Yorkshire monastic reform movement .
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Verne Johnson, another leader of the Minnesota reform movement , puts it well: I am not for laissez-faire.
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All religions have a history of reform movements which operate from within and are not imposed from without.
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The parents are the problem, some members said, echoing the education reform movement of the moment in this country.
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These are not the buzzwords of the legislated-excellence school reform movement .
proposal
▪
Although reform proposals have received little political support, the case for disability discrimination legislation has become increasingly compelling.
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John McCain, R-Ariz., co-sponsor of the most prominent reform proposal on the congressional docket.
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In July 1653 she published a set of reform proposals addressed to Barebone's Parliament.
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Lewis offered no reform proposals , saying that new regulations would lead to new ways to evade them.
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Whatever the merits of such reform proposals it is a mistake to see quangos as wholly self-contained.
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The president vetoed two reform proposals late last year.
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What is missing from the various reform proposals is any recognition of the importance of investing in human capital as well.
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The various reform proposals that Washington lawmakers will now consider seek to take advantage of those higher returns from stocks.
tax
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Others are much more interested in microeconomic questions, like tax reform , local-government finance and the role of subsidies and benefits.
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Weber said tax reform could have been a good issue for the Republicans this year.
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The subject of tax reform is a topic in its own right and can only be touched upon here.
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I came down on the side of tax reform .
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In the late 1980s the Conservative government increased the pace of its tax reform .
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But such concessions would undermine the very principles on which the case for tax reform is based.
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But he is also exploring various tax reforms that would reduce rates and simplify the system.
welfare
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In human terms, however, welfare reform is definitely risky.
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During the next three years, thousands of welfare families will be thrust into this low-income labor market because of welfare reform .
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But the most powerful aspect of Englerization is welfare reform .
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But it may be only the beginning as the political battle over welfare reform is about to be joined.
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Results: The health care effort collapsed, and welfare reform was postponed.
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Clinton already has vetoed Republican-drafted welfare reform legislation twice.
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But many of the same provisions remain in the welfare reform bill signed by President Clinton last month.
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Counties are also bracing for the brunt of federal welfare reform , expected to mark a significant loss of federal aid dollars.
■ VERB
implement
▪
Much will depend on how local managers and clinicians implement the reforms at local level.
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The center devoted itself to implementing the liturgical reform begun at the Second Vatican Council.
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The government had also faced criticism over its slowness in implementing economic reforms .
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Under the highly unpopular Videnov, the Socialist government resisted implementing economic reforms .
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Legislation to implement the reforms was to be presented to Legco in early 1993.
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Outdated computer systems and the failure to help judges to implement the reforms were adding to the chaos.
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In the interim, the Stock Exchange implemented piecemeal reform .
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It is unlikely that Boris Yeltsin would be implementing those reforms if we had jumped the gun, as the Opposition wanted.
introduce
▪
This study examines these contrasts in detail, at a period when the Stock Exchange in London is introducing great reforms .
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Though we have introduced reforms , disorder disturbs several areas.
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We have also introduced a reform which will give people more choice as to who represents them legally in court.
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A number of members of Congress have begun talking about Social Security and introducing reform legislation.
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Theoretically the government had greater leeway to introduce reforms to improve their conditions and increase their productivity.
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In a speech on March 30 Hammadi pledged that his government would introduce major democratic reforms .
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Less positively on property, the Chancellor introduced further reforms to capital gains tax.
▪
Therefore, I welcome the passages in the Gracious Speech that promise an asylum Bill to introduce these reforms .
pass
▪
On March 19 it passed a regulatory reform bill, which is intended to lighten the weight of government on small businesses.
▪
Why is it fair to pass piecemeal reforms for powerful industries?
▪
Illinois has passed tort reform , which has so far proved impossible to get through Congress in Washington.
▪
He has worked with the heavily Democratic Legislature to pass educational reform .
▪
Clinton reiterated Monday that the immediate solution is to pass the McCain-Feingold campaign reform bill.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
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Reforms in agriculture, although slow, are beginning to have an impact.
▪
Feminists sought legal reforms to ensure that women had genuinely equal opportunities.
▪
Tax reforms did not benefit the middle class.
▪
the reform of local government
▪
The revival in the island's economy has come about because of radical reforms introduced over the past three years.
▪
The Socialists have promised a programme of radical political and economic reform .
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪
All of this may help to explain why I support with passion the reforms proposed by David Blunkett earlier this week.
▪
Clinton repeated his call, made in his first inaugural address in 1993, for political reform .
▪
Examples of radical reform , proposals for it and attempts to obtain it may be drawn from all parts of the globe.
▪
The ability of party leaders to manipulate the nomination process had been substantially undercut, however, by party reform .
▪
The army, on the other hand, has remained largely neutral in the unprecedented fight to force democratic reform from Milosevic.
▪
These protections addressed issues ranging from the death penalty and homosexual rights to term limits, campaign-finance reform , and congressional redistricting.
▪
They pushed an agenda to reverse recent academic reforms and give students more power within the university administration.
▪
This is not the end of the reform movement, because it depends on society.