Islamic speculative theology.
It arose during the Umayyad dynasty over varying interpretations of the Qurān and over questions the Qurʾān provoked, including those on predestination, free will, and the nature of God. The most prominent early school was the 8th-century Mutazilah , which asserted the supremacy of reason, championed free will, and rejected an anthropomorphic characterization of God. The 10th-century school of Ashariyyah moved kalām back toward traditional faith, accepting, for example, the eternal, uncreated nature of the Qurʾān and its literal truth. The school also represented the successful adaptation of Hellenistic philosophical reasoning to Muslim orthodox theology.