CHESS JAVA PROGRAM

To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE To select any particular game forviewing click once on the "choose game" button on this page and then clickonce on the desired game from the pop-up menu that appears. To examine thechosen game click on the "next move" button to go forward, or the "previous move"button to return to an earlier position. Grandmaster Andrew Soltis'annotations for each move appear in the scrollable box to the right of thechess diagram. Source articles Chess: HISTORY Chess: DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY Chess: THE TIME ELEMENT AND COMPETITION Chess: CHESS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE The time element and competition Origin of time controls The rise of competitive chess with the Bourdonnais-McDonnell match of 1834 and the London tournament of 1851 posed a question of fairness: should a player be allowed to take enormous amounts of time? Previously, chess was governed by an unwritten amateur privilege that allowed players unlimited time for each move. When the practice of recording the amount of time taken on each move in major events began, it was found that the Staunton-Saint-Amant match games of 1843 averaged nine hours and that as much as two hours and 20 minutes was spent by one player over a single move at the London tournament. Staunton, the most influential player of the first half of the 19th century, was severely critical of players who took "hours over moves where minutes might suffice." He suggested limiting the amount of time allotted for each move to a specified number of minutes. But it was agreed by most authorities that some moves deserve lengthy consideration and others very little. Since a player could not preserve unused time, he would be encouraged to take as much as possible. But allowing a player to spend as much as 10 minutes per move would mean that it could take the two players two hours to play just six moves. The principle of single-move time limits was abandoned in all but postal games (in which players had a preset number of days to respond to a move) and some forms of quick or speed chess-e.g., games in which players must move every 5 or 10 seconds. A second principle, sometimes called sudden death, was also considered-and abandoned-in the early days of competitive chess. With a sudden-death format a set amount of time is allowed for all a player's moves in a game. Sudden-death time controls were regarded in the 19th century and most of the 20th as too restrictive because they could leave a player with an enormous advantage but so little time left that loss was inevitable. Sudden death survived only in certain forms of speed chess, such as five-minute chess, in which each player has five minutes for all moves. The third, and most popular, principle for time controls was a flexible system proposed by Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa, a 19th-century German player and author. Lasa proposed that each player be allowed a bank of time in which to play a predetermined number of moves, such as two hours for 30 moves. This principle, adopted for the vast majority of competitions from 1861 on, permits each player to budget time, playing some moves quickly and taking as much as an hour or more on others. In addition, a player who made the prescribed number of moves, such as 30 in the example above, would get an additional time budget, such as one hour for the next 15 moves. Staunton had proposed that the penalty for exceeding a time limit be a fine, and this was tried in some international tournaments as late as Nrnberg 1906. But this proved insufficient as a deterrent, and forfeiture eventually became the sole penalty. The penalty was regarded as mandatory after Vienna 1882 when a contender for first prize, James Mason, exceeded the time limit in one game but eventually won the game after his opponent declined to claim the forfeit. Another contender for first prize, Wilhelm Steinitz, appealed Mason's victory, and a forfeiture was imposed instead. Technological improvements In 1861 the first time limits, using sandglasses, were employed in a match, Anderssen versus Ignc Kolisch, and in a tournament, at Bristol, Eng. Each player had a timer to set in motion when considering a move and to stop after the move. But sandglasses proved clumsy and inexact and were replaced by a pair of mechanical clocks after a simple pendulum device was introduced at London 1883. The pendulum acted like a seesaw so that, when a player depressed his clock, it stopped and the opponent's clock began ticking. Modern clocks consist of two parallel timers, each with a small button above it for a player to press after completing a move. This stops the player's time and starts the opponent's. This simplified device made it possible for a player to survive severe time trouble, situations in which it was necessary to make 20 or 30 moves with less than a minute of allotted time remaining. The next significant change, the addition of a tiny latch called a flag, appeared at the turn of the 19th century and helped end the chronic arguments over when a player had exceeded a time limit. The flag, lying straight down near the 12 at the top of a clock face, is lifted at the end of an hour by the minute hand until it is perpendicular and then falls straight down again. Until the introduction of the flag, an arbiter or judge had to determine whether the minute hand had passed 12. No further changes in chess timing were made until digital clocks appeared in the 1980s. Digital clocks tell a player to the second precisely how much time is left, but they have not proved popular with players.