COMEDIE-ITALIENNE

the Italian commedia dell'arte as it was called in France. The name was used in France after 1680 to distinguish the commedia dell'arte from native French theatre, the Comdie-Franaise. Italian commedia dell'arte companies appeared in France from the 16th century and pleased both the courtiers, who understood Italian, and the populace, which enjoyed the improvised antics, dialogue, and pantomime. In 1697, however, their satire was found offensive, and the companies were banished from France. (For early history, see commedia dell'arte.) Prior to 1697 the Comdie-Italienne, at the urging of the French audiences, had increasingly interspersed French words, phrases, and sometimes whole scenes into productions. A leader of one company, Giuseppe Domenico Biancolelli, known as Dominique, eventually received official sanction from Louis XIV to use French, and thereafter the Comdie-Italienne became a new market for French dramatists. In 1716, when Italian players were allowed to return to France, they began performing French works by French dramatists, particularly Pierre Marivaux, and from that time only some of the spirit of the commedia dell'arteforeign flavour and the ribaldry, drolleries, pantomime, as well as some of the charactersremained. French actors gradually replaced the Italians; the last great Italian Arlequin (Harlequin) was Carlo Bertinazzi (171083), known as Carlin. Increasingly, their productions turned toward opra-bouffe (comic opera). In 1801 the Comdie-Italienne merged with a former rival, the Thtre Feydeau, to form the Opra-Comique, and the Italian companies were dissolved.