DURRELL, LAWRENCE

born Feb. 27, 1912, Jullundur, India died Nov. 7, 1990, Sommires, France in full Lawrence George Durrell English novelist, poet, and writer of topographical books, verse plays, and farcical short stories who is best known as the author of The Alexandria Quartet, a series of four interconnected novels. Durrell spent most of his life outside England and had little sympathy with the English character. He was educated in India until he reached age 11 and moved in 1935 to the island of Corfu. During World War II he served as press attach to the British embassies in Cairo and Alexandria, and after the war he spent time in Yugoslavia, Rhodes, Cyprus, and the south of France. Durrell wrote several books of poetry and prose before the publication of The Alexandria Quartet, composed of Justine (1957), Balthazar (1958), Mountolive (1958), and Clea (1960). The lush and sensuous tetralogy became a best-seller and won high critical esteem. The first three volumes described, from different viewpoints, a series of events in Alexandria before World War II; the fourth carried the story forward into the war years. By its subjective narrative structure The Alexandria Quartet demonstrates one of its main themes: the relativity of truth. More important is the implied theme: that sexual experience, the practice of art, and love are all ways of learning to understand and finally to pass beyond successive phases of development toward ultimate truth and reality. Durrell's later novels, Tunc (1968) and its sequel, Nunquam (1970), were less well received than his earlier fiction. The Avignon Quintetconsisting of Monsieur; or, The Prince of Darkness (1974), Livia; or, Buried Alive (1978), Constance; or, Solitary Practices (1982), Sebastian; or, Ruling Passions (1983), and Quinx; or, The Ripper's Tale (1985)received mixed reviews. He first gained recognition as a poet with A Private Country (1943), and his reputation was established by Cities, Plains and People (1946), The Tree of Idleness (1953), and The Ikons (1966). His Collected Poems 193174 appeared in 1980. In the nonfiction works Prospero's Cell (1945), Reflections on a Marine Venus (1953), and Bitter Lemons (1957), Durrell describes the Greek islands of Corfu, where he lived with his first wife in 193738; Rhodes, where in 194546 he acted as press officer to the Allied government; and Cyprus, his home from 1952 to 1956. Many critics regarded his poetry and nonfiction books as his most enduring achievements. His last book, Caesar's Vast Ghost: Aspects of Provence, was published in 1990. Durrell also carried on a 45-year-long correspondence with American writer Henry Miller. Additional reading Biographical and critical works include Harry T. Moore (ed.), The World of Lawrence Durrell (1962); Alan W. Friedman, Lawrence Durrell and The Alexandria Quartet (1970); G.S. Fraser, Lawrence Durrell, rev. ed. (1973); and John A. Weigel, Lawrence Durrell, rev. ed. (1989).