FUJI, MOUNT

Japanese Fuji-san, also called Fujiyama, or Fuji No Yama, highest mountain in Japan, rising to 12,388 feet (3,776 m) near the Pacific coast in Yamanashi and Shizuoka ken (prefectures), central Honshu, about 60 miles (100 km) west of Tokyo. It is a volcano that has been dormant since its last eruption in 1707 but is still generally classified as active by geologists. The mountain's name, of Ainu origin, means everlasting life. Mount Fuji, with its graceful conical form, has become famous throughout the world and is considered the sacred symbol of Japan. Among Japanese there is a sense of personal identification with the mountain, and thousands of Japanese climb to the shrine on its peak every summer. The mountain is the major feature of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park (1936). According to tradition, the volcano was formed in 286 BC by an earthquake. The truth is somewhat more complex. The age of Fuji is disputed, but it seems to be a Quaternary formation on a Tertiary base, the first eruptions and the first peaks probably occurring some 600,000 years ago. Although Mount Fuji appears to be a simple cone-type volcano, it is in fact three separate volcanoes, Komitake, Ko Fuji, and Shin Fuji. The most recent, Shin Fuji (New Fuji), first became active about 10,000 years ago and has continued ever since to smolder or erupt occasionally. Over the millennia, the lava and other effusions from Shin Fuji have covered over the two older volcanoes, enlarged the slopes to their present expansive girth, and otherwise given the mountain its current tapered form. The mountain is part of the Fuji Volcanic Zone, a volcanic chain that extends from the Mariana Islands and the Izu Islands through Izu Peninsula on up to northern Honshu. The base of the volcano is about 78 miles (125 km) in circumference and has a diameter of some 25 to 30 miles (40 to 50 km). At the summit of Mount Fuji the crater spans about 1,600 feet (500 m) in surface diameter and sinks to a depth of about 820 feet (250 m). Around the jagged edges of the crater are eight peaksOshaidake, Izudake, Jojudake, Komagatake, Mushimatake, Kengamme, Hukusandake, and Kukushidake. On the northern slopes of Mount Fuji lie the Fuji Five Lakes (Fuji Goko), comprising, east to west, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Sai, Lake Shoji, and Lake Motosu, all formed by the damming effects of lava flows. The lowest, Lake Kawaguchi, at 2,726 feet (831 m), is noted for the inverted reflection of Mount Fuji on its still waters. Tourism in the area is highly developed, with Lake Yamanaka, the largest of the lakes (at 2.5 square miles [6.4 square km]), being the focus of the most popular resort area. Southeast of Mount Fuji is the wooded volcanic Hakone region, well-known for its hot-springs resorts at Yumoto and Gora. The area's abundant groundwater and streams facilitate the operation of paper and chemical industries and farming. Cultivation of rainbow trout and dairy farming are other activities. A sacred mountain (one sect, the Fujiko, accords it virtually a soul), Mount Fuji is surrounded by temples and shrines, there being shrines even at the edge and the bottom of the crater. Climbing the mountain has long been a religious practice (though until the Meiji Restoration women were not allowed to climb it). The ascent in early times was usually made in the white robes of a pilgrim. Today great crowds, numbering more than 100,000 a year, flock there, mostly during the climbing season from July 1 to August 26.