HAUPTMAN, HERBERT A.

born Feb. 14, 1917, New York, N.Y., U.S. in full Herbert Aaron Hauptman American mathematician and crystallographer who, along with Jerome Karle, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1985. They developed mathematical methods for deducing the molecular structure of chemical compounds from the patterns formed when X rays are diffracted by their crystals. Hauptman was a classmate with Karle at City College of New York, from which they both graduated in 1937. Hauptman went on to study mathematics further at Columbia University (M.A., 1939) and at the University of Maryland (Ph.D., 1955). After World War II, Hauptman was reunited with Karle at the Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, D.C.), where they began collaborating on the study of crystal structures. Hauptman became a professor of biophysics at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1970, and from 1972 he was a vice president and the director of the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, a small private research institute. Hauptman and Karle devised mathematical equations to extract phase information from the intensity of spots resulting from the diffraction of X rays deflected off crystals. Their equations made it possible to pinpoint the location of atoms within the crystal's molecules based upon an analysis of the intensity of the spots. Their method was neglected for a number of years after its publication in about 1949, but gradually crystallographers began using it to determine the three-dimensional structure of thousands of small biological molecules, including those of many hormones, vitamins, and antibiotics. Before Hauptman and Karle developed their method, it took about two years to deduce the structure of a simple biological molecule; by the 1980s, using powerful computers to perform the complex calculations needed, one could do it in about two days.