PAMPLONA

city, Norte de Santander departamento, northeastern Colombia. It is sited in the Andean Cordillera Oriental at an elevation of 7,503 feet (2,287 m), on the Pamplonita River. Founded in 1548, it was famed during the colonial era for its mineral production. Although it has been damaged by earthquakes (most severely in 1644 and 1875), much colonial architecture survives. Particularly noteworthy are the cathedral and the former monasteries of San Francisco, Santo Domingo, and San Agustn. The city's industries include textile mills, breweries, and distilleries. Gold and coal are mined in the vicinity. The University of Pamplona was founded in 1960. Pamplona lies on the Pan-American Highway, 45 miles (72 km) southeast of Ccuta, the departmental capital. Pop. (1985) 35,058. capital of Navarra provincia and comunidad autnoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. It lies on the western bank of the Arga River in the fertile La Cuenca region, just south of Bayonne, Fr. According to tradition, it was founded in 75 BC by Julius Caesar's rival Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) as a military settlement during his campaign against Quintus Sertorius, leader of a revolt against Rome. The city's first name was Pompeiopolis, or Pompaelo (corrupted by the Moors to Banbalunah). It was almost derelict after Moorish and Frankish invasions and the final dismantling of its defenses by the Frankish king Charlemagne in 778. Pamplona was made capital of the kingdom of Navarre by Sancho III of Navarre (100035), his new foundation being known as the Ciudad de la Navarrera. In 1512 the armies of King Ferdinand of Aragon-Castile entered Pamplona, and the portion of Navarre south of the Pyrenees was incorporated into Spain. The citadel built by Philip II of Spain in 1571 made Pamplona the most strongly fortified town of the north. After the First Carlist War (183339), Pamplona ceased (1841) to be the capital of the Navarre kingdom but became capital of the new Navarra province. The medieval core of the town, La Navarrera, is dominated by the cathedral, mostly 14th- to 15th-century French Gothic but with Romanesque remnants and a Neoclassical facade. Notable, too, is the Gothic church (13th14th century) in the old district of San Saturnino, or Cernn (i.e., San Saturninu, who tradition holds evangelized the city). Other important buildings include the House of Accounts (royal treasury, c. 1364); the Consistory (1741, with Baroque facade); and the Provincial Deputation (Neoclassical) with the General Archive of Navarra adjoining. The centre of the city, linking old with new, is the porticoed Plaza del Castillo. Pamplona has various museums and institutions of higher education. The University of Navarra was established at Pamplona in 1952. The city's chief tourist attraction is the Fiesta de San Fermn (honouring St. Fermin, its first bishop), described in Ernest Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises (1926). Starting on July 6, the eve of the saint's festival, the fiesta lasts until the 14th, with daily bullfights preceded each morning by the famous encierro (enclosing) of the bulls, when they are driven through the streets behind crowds of skillfully dodging men and boys. Situated in an irrigated cereal-producing area, Pamplona is a flourishing agricultural centre. The city's ancient crafts of wineskin, sandal, rope, and pottery making coexist with the manufacture of kitchenware, liquor, paper, and chemicals and the milling of flour and sugar. Industrialization has produced a suburban belt of factories and workers' dwellings. Pamplona is important for communications between Spain and France. Pop. (1982 est.) 186,363.