(1882–1965)
a US Supreme Court judge (1939–62), born in Austria. He believed in ‘judicial restraint’, the idea that judges should not try to influence government policies through their decisions in courts of law. He helped to establish the American Civil Liberties Union , taught at the Law School of Harvard University (1914–39) and advised Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D Roosevelt . He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963.