born Feb. 7, 1870, Perm, Russia
died Feb. 26, 1944, Paris, France
Russian economist and journalist.
In 1894 he wrote a well-regarded Marxist analysis of Russian capitalism and in 1898 a manifesto for the newly formed Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party . After his arrest and exile in 1901, he broke with revolutionary Marxism; from 1902 to 1905 he edited the illegal but widely read journal Osvobozhdeniy ("Liberation"), in which he called for a constitutional monarchy. He returned to Russia in 1905, joined the Constitutional Democratic Party , and edited the moderate journal Russkaya mysly ("Russian Thought"). In 1917 he opposed the Bolshevik takeover and left Russia for Paris and (after 1928) Belgrade.