Science of explanation and interpretation of the Qur 0101; n .
It arose after the death of Muhammad to deal with ambiguity, variant readings, defective texts, and apparent contradictions in the scripture. Starting from mere personal speculation, tafs 012B; r developed into a system of systematic exegesis of the Qur 02BE; 0101; n's text, proceeding verse by verse and sometimes word by word. Early efforts relied on the Had 012B; th , later giving rise to a more dogmatic type of tafs 012B; r . The most comprehensive work was compiled by the scholar al- Tabar 012B; . Some Muslim modernists have employed tafs 012B; r as a vehicle for reformist ideas.