orig. James Francis Edward Stuart
born June 10, 1688, London, Eng.
died Jan. 1, 1766, Rome, Papal States
Claimant to the English and Scottish thrones.
Son of the exiled James II of England, he was raised in France as a Catholic. On the death of his father (1701), he was proclaimed king of England by the French king Louis XIV , but the English Parliament passed a bill of attainder against him. He served with the French army in the War of the Jacobite uprising (1715), James landed in Scotland, but within two months the uprising collapsed and he returned to France. He lived thereafter in Rome under the pope's patronage. He became known as the "Old Pretender" to distinguish him from his son, Charles Edward, the Young Pretender .