I
French Philippe known as Philip the Fair
born 1268, Fontainebleau, France
died Nov. 29, 1314, Fontainebleau
King of France (1285–1314).
On inheriting the French throne, he modeled himself on his grandfather, Louis IX . He was also king of Navarre (as Philip I, 1284–1305), ruling jointly with his wife, Joan I of Navarre. War with England (1294–1303) ended with a peace treaty and the betrothal of his daughter to the future Edward II . Philip forced a harsh treaty on Flanders in 1305. He conducted a long struggle with Boniface VIII (1297–1303) that led to the breakdown of the medieval papacy. He was pacified by succeeding popes, including Clement V , who began the Avignon papacy . Philip expelled the Jews from France (1306), and his persecution of the Knights Templar in 1307 led to their suppression by the pope four years later.
II
Spanish Felipe
born April 8, 1605, Valladolid, Spain
died Sept. 17, 1665, Madrid
King of Spain (1621–65) and of Portugal (as Philip II, 1621–40).
He succeeded his father, Philip III , and left the administration of his rule to his chief ministers, the duke de Olivares (1621–43) and the duke's nephew Luis Méndez de Haro (1643–61). Spain's industry and commerce declined, and wars against Holland, France, and Germany further drained Spain's economy. Portugal regained its independence (1640), and Holland was lost by the Peace of Westphalia (1648). A poet and patron of the arts, Philip was the friend and frequent subject of Diego Velázquez .