(Italian; " Rising Again ")
Nineteenth-century movement for Italian unification.
Reforms introduced by France into its Italian states in the Napoleonic period remained after the states were restored to their former rulers in 1815 and provided an impetus for the movement. Secret groups such as Young Italy advocated Italian unity, and leaders such as Il Risorgimento (1847), Giuseppe Garibaldi , and Giuseppe Mazzini called for liberal reforms and a united Italy. After the failure of the {{link=Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848 , leadership passed to Cavour and Piedmont, which formed an alliance with France against Austria (1859). The unification of most of Italy in 1861, followed by the annexation of Venetia (1866) and papal Rome (1870), marked the end of the Risorgimento.