ALI HAJI BIN RAJA AMHAD, RAJA

born c. 1809, , Penyengat, Riau, East Indies [now in Indonesia] died c. 1870, , Riau Bugis-Malay prince who, as a scholar and historian, led a renaissance in Malay letters in the mid-19th century. A grandson of the famed Bugis leader Raja Haji, Raja Ali was born into the Bugis-Malay world of the Riau-Lingga archipelago, last legacy outside the Malay Peninsula of the kingdom of Johore, just before it came under final Dutch domination. As a youth he accompanied his father on a mission to Batavia (now Jakarta) and on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and by the age of 32 he was joint regent of Lingga for its young Malay sultan. Raja Ali, a man of affairs, was also a religious and literary scholar and did much to establish Riau as the intellectual centre of the Malay world in the mid-19th century. His own writings include several didactic texts, such as Muqaddimah fi intizam (1857; Introduction to Order) on the duties of kings, a Johnsonian dictionary of Malay usage, Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa (c. 1869; Book of Linguistic Knowledge), and the historical work Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis (1865; Malay and Bugis Genealogy). His most outstanding contribution to learning, however, is the history begun by his father that he rewrote and expanded as the Tuhfat al-Nafis (c. 1866; Precious Gift), which remains an invaluable source for the history of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra.